Hou Wailu (February 6, 1903-September 14, 1987)，formerly known as Zhaolin，also known as Yushu，Self-named Wailu，bonus bet365 Marxist Historian、Ideological historian、Educator。One of the founders of bonus bet365 Marxist history，With Guo Moruo、Fan Wenlan、Jian Bozan、Lv Zhenyu is also known as the “Five Elders of Marxist Historiography”。He is the founder and founder of the discipline of bonus bet365 intellectual history，Created the Hou Wailu School，Set a shining example for promoting the sinicization of Marxist historiography，Has made pioneering and outstanding contributions to the progress of contemporary bonus bet365 history。1941-1942，He completed two historical monographs almost simultaneously，That is, "On the History of Classical bonus bet365 Society" and "History of Ancient bonus bet365 Thoughts"。"Classical bonus bet365 Social History" uses Marxist historical materialism to demonstrate that bonus bet365 slave society has special characteristics different from the West；"History of Ancient bonus bet365 Ideology" uses Marxist viewpoints and methods to analyze the development of the history of thought during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。Published "History of Modern bonus bet365 Thought and Doctrine" in 1945。1946-1961，Hou Wailu co-authored "The General History of bonus bet365 Thought"，This is the most important study on the history of bonus bet365 thought so far、Highest level、The landmark general history work with the greatest achievements and widest influence。

"The nationalization of Marxist historical science" is an important historical theoretical proposition put forward by Hou Wailu in his later years，It is also one of the "research principles and methods" he summarized when he reflected on and summarized his lifelong history research career。From the perspective of the development process of academic history，Committed to "nationalization of Marxist historical science"，This is the most typical feature of Hou Wailu School、A unique manifestation，Represents the development direction of bonus bet365 history。

　Lay a solid bonus bet365 foundation

　1920s，Hou Wailu’s theoretical exploration of Marxism originated from the translation bonus bet365 German version of "Das Kapital"，The ideological motivation for his translation stems from Li Dazhao’s ideological inspiration。Hou Wailu thinks，“Contact with Comrade Li Dazhao，It has fundamentally changed my thinking”，I “infected him with a strong interest in theory”。The "theory" here is specific，It is "historical materialism"。Today，Li Dazhao’s specific guidance to Hou Wailu，We have no way of knowing，But follow Li Dazhao’s “speculation” theory，We can still get a glimpse of its establishment of "historical materialism"。

　1919，Li Dazhao clearly pointed out in "My View of Marxism"，We need to look at this "doctrine of the driving force for world transformation" with a "speculative" attitude。The so-called "prime mover" lies in "materialism"。Starting from October 1920，Li Dazhao is in the Department of Economics at Peking University、Department of bonus bet365、Students of the Department of Political Science teach "Historical Materialism"，And personally compiled "Lecture Notes on Historical Materialism"。February 1922，The first public lecture organized by the Marxism Research Society of Peking University，Just ask Li Dazhao to talk about "Marx's Economic Theory"。Li Dazhao said，“Marx’s teachings are very profound”，Really “I dare not say that there is any research on it”。“Everyone wants to study Marx’s economic theory，But few can really study him。Not only are there few that can actually be studied，Even writings about him，Watched it only once，It is impossible to find such a person。"He said，Given time，"If you can study Marx's theory in your spare time，Enable China to produce a few people who can truly understand Marx’s theory in the future，Someone who can really shine in China，This is really my greatest hope”。He told the audience，"Marx's great work is "Das Kapital""，It must be "systematically studied"。

Spring 1927，On the way to study in France，bonus bet365 learned that Li Dazhao was murdered by the Feng clique warlord Zhang Zuolin，He turned grief into strength，Strengthened the confidence in translating the German version of "Das Kapital"，The heroic spirit who is determined to comfort Li Dazhao with theory。

When translating "Das Kapital"，Hou Wailu gained a profound understanding，"What I got from this masterpiece，Not only in its theory，And it’s outstanding、Unprecedented research method。The theory of "Das Kapital" and the methodology embodied in "Das Kapital" itself，should be given equal attention”；"I personally have worked hard to refine it word for word，Only then can we understand the meaning of this”；"Research methods focused on in historical research，To a certain extent, it depends on my understanding of the formation and development process of historical materialism theory。The reason why I have always admired the rigorous scholarship of the Qianjia School，Always admire Wang Guowei’s modern research methods，Without falling into the tradition of blindly examining evidence，A very important reason，It lies in the influence of the methodology of "Das Kapital" on me"，“This strict methodology，Reality is knowledge—a prerequisite for bonus bet365 formation (not bonus bet365 system)”。And for the production method，Especially the research on special production methods，has become an important entry point for research。

As the first person in China to explore the theory of production methods in Asia，The confidence that supports his research concept stems from Hou Wailu’s profound grasp of the concept of “mode of production”。In the preface he wrote before his death for the upcoming "Selected Essays on Hou Wailu's bonus bet365"，There is this passage that summarizes his principles and methods of social bonus bet365 research。He pointed out，"Social bonus bet365 Research，Start with economics”。“Historical science guided by historical materialism must start from the study of economics。I said this in "Introduction to Social bonus bet365": 'In Economics and bonus bet365，Study the general composition of social development，It is a preliminary question，No definite understanding in this regard，We must make mistakes。’”“Study bonus bet365，First we must know the production method，Distinguish the economic composition of a society based on its mode of production，Because the mode of production determines the nature of society。Vice versa，If you do not apply the theories and methods of political economy，Study the changes in productivity and production relations in a specific historical era and the resulting changes in production methods，It is difficult to determine the social nature of this era with the accuracy of natural bonus bet365，Reveal the regularity of bonus bet365，Historical research has lost its most basic scientific basis。”

Based on the above knowledge，For production methods，Hou Wailu has a special understanding: "The special combination of special (historically certain) means of production and special (historically certain) workers (power)。To express it in the words of Marx’s Capital，That is ‘regardless of the bonus bet365 form of production，Labourers and means of production are always factors of production。But，Both are factors of production only in possibility when separated from each other。Wherever production is required，It is necessary to combine them。Special ways and methods to implement this combination，Divide the bonus bet365 structure into different economic periods’。Marx then summarized the fundamental characteristics of capitalist society as a specific bonus bet365 form。”

　"Theoretical extension" and the exploration of the special laws of bonus bet365 development

When translating "Das Kapital"、After a preliminary and systematic understanding of Marx’s economic theory，Hou Wailu consciously gave up participating in the "debate on the nature of bonus bet365 society" in the "war of quotations" (i.e. "formula versus formula" and "dogma versus dogma")，“Always take an ‘objective’ stance to analyze the success or failure of each opinion，Never eager to express my opinion，So，Won enough time to find your own way”。Hou Wailu secretly swore，We must strive to “extend Marx’s theoretical work on the Asian mode of production” in the study of ancient history，Revealing the origin and special path of bonus bet365 civilized society。

Hou Wailu used Engels's "Family"、Private Ownership and the Origin of the State" is a model，Explore the characteristics of bonus bet365 civilization，In-depth study of the development process and characteristics of ancient bonus bet365 society，And make a "theoretical extension"。In a certain sense，He is very similar to Engels，It’s all about “compensating for the work my deceased friend failed to complete”。

In fact，Engels’s writings were inspired by Morgan，《Family、The Origin of Private Ownership and the State" benefited from Morgan's "Ancient Society"。In this sense，It is also one of the important sources of Marxism。Hou Wailu's "On the History of Classical bonus bet365 Society" has become a representative work on the extension of the theory of Asia's mode of production。He tried to conduct in-depth research on the actual development and changes of ancient bonus bet365 society，Prove Marx、Engels’ hypothesis，And make further theoretical extensions，At the same time, explore the scientific path of studying ancient China，Use correct methodology to deal with the vast historical materials of ancient China。In terms of analytical framework，Both are consistent，It all starts with the clan，Analysis of the different origins of civilization。Engels’ discovery lies in，The basic criterion for the transformation from a clan society to a civilized society is the establishment of a "state"；Hou Wailu tried to start from both theoretical and literary aspects，Does not adhere to Engels's "Family"、The Origin of Private Ownership and the State》，At the same time, use the "method of historical textual research" to explain problems，Focus on the prerequisites for the establishment and development of feudal states and city-states in ancient China、The relationship between cities and rural areas、How "Asiatic countries" achieve political rule and the changes in ancient bonus bet365 social class composition and ideology under the Asiatic mode of production。

"Treatise on Classical bonus bet365 Social History" creatively puts forward the "three principles" for the study of ancient bonus bet365 society，That is to say, it is determined that ancient China was an ancient period dominated by the "Asiatic production mode"；Adhere to the methods of verification and identification，Strive to combine Marxism with ancient bonus bet365 historical materials for unified research；Clear "ancient slavery experienced by various peoples，There are different paths”。He studied Asia’s production methods，Reveals the origin and particularity of bonus bet365 civilized society。

　　The academic practice of “new bonus bet365 science”

Judging from Hou Wailu’s knowledge background and research experience，He experienced starting from historical materialism，Transition from social science to history。We can think so，He creatively combines historical research with social sciences。After Hou Wailu translated "Das Kapital"，Early 1939，Based on his actual understanding of the "debate" nature of bonus bet365 society，Undertaken a profound reflection on academic history，Published the article "The Tradition of bonus bet365 Academics and the Current Academic Movement"。He first analyzed the characteristics of bonus bet365 classical academic tradition。"The classical history of bonus bet365 scholarship，On the one hand, they succumbed to feudal political dominance，Give up the pursuit of truth and knowledge，But bound by the tools of the famous hidden mountain；Other aspects are far from practicality，For academic tradition，Not only did not give up inheritance，And he has made great efforts in the form of knowledge。The former is an obstacle to the movement of knowledge，The latter is the disconnect between the entire knowledge movement process and reality。”Then，How can this “characteristic” be changed in academic practice？Proposed by Hou Wailu，To pass the "development of the new social science movement"，Currently it has entered a "more profound stage of development"。Making "the study of bonus bet365 history more advanced"，“From Wang Guowei to Guo Moruo，From the bourgeois history of sorting out the national heritage to the new academic development of bonus bet365 social history，For example, the bonus bet365 history theory that has learned from textual research since the May 4th Movement on the production methodology of Asia，It is the development of academic significance in the world，At the same time, it is also the development of bonus bet365 academics。This work still requires our efforts”。We still need to know，This "new social science" is not only a "folk" knowledge movement，And by around September 18th, I had inherited what Mr. Sun Yat-sen called "the mistake of mistrusting the old economics"，His legacy is that the truth of new economics has not been studied yet，Reaching the legal level of adopting new economics in high school and college education”。Hou Wailu emphasized，The practical significance of “new social science” is，To combine the current theoretical academic and practical development，Directly or indirectly make bonus bet365 academics a practical guide for social development”。

Today，We propose，"Leading by historical materialism，Constructing an independent knowledge system of bonus bet365 intellectual history”，This undoubtedly includes social sciences。In fact，In the process of researching the history of bonus bet365 thought，Hou Wailu has already consciously carried out the practice of "new social science"。In the 1940s，His series of historical creations focusing on "Sinicization" and "nationalization" - "History of Ancient bonus bet365 Thought and Doctrine", "History of Ancient bonus bet365 Social Thought", "History of Modern bonus bet365 Thought and Doctrine", etc. are proof of this。They gave birth to the "General History of bonus bet365 Thought"，They are the inevitable product of the "more profound development stage" of the "new social science movement"。We not only feel the power of speculation and theory，I also feel a strong sense of the times。This is a state that bonus bet365 classical scholarship cannot reach at all。“New Social Science” makes the study of bonus bet365 intellectual history truly come alive，Completely surpassing the traditional "way-carrying tools"。

Hou Wailu’s historical research is rich in theory，This aspect is due to his advocacy of the inevitable result of the combination of history and social science，On the other hand, he insists on historical materialism、A concrete embodiment of epistemology that adheres to the consistency of logic and history。The theoretical aspects of his research appear primarily as methodologies，This is definitely not the so-called "replacing history with theory"，Not to be confused with “dogmatism”。In his own academic summary in his later years, he thought，He has been trying to “nationalize” Marxist historical science throughout his life。He pointed out，“The so-called ‘nationalization’，It is to use China’s rich historical materials，Conduct unified research with Marxist historical science on the laws of the development of human society，Summarize the laws and historical characteristics of China’s social development”。Therefore，“We bonus bet365 scholars should learn to use our own language to explain our own history and ideological trends，Learn to use new methods to discover the fine cultural traditions of your nation”。"Discussion on the special path of ancient social development and the characteristics of ancient ideological development，Discover the fine traditions of materialism and anti-feudal orthodox thought in the history of bonus bet365 thought，These are some of my attempts in exploring the nationalization of historical sciences”。

(The author is a distinguished professor at the School of bonus bet365, Beijing Normal University)