Mr. Ma Xueliang is the famous linguist in my country and the founder and leader of the discipline of the Chinese national language and literature of the New China，At the same time, it has also made outstanding contributions in the field of ethnic minority literature and folk literature。His Classics of Classics in the Champion of Beacon，Create and practice research paradigm for "field and text", "classic and etiquette" interpretation，Won the "withdrawal of the barriers，For the beginning of life;，Standing in the clear reputation of the ancient style "(Zhong Jing Wen)。Depending on Ma Xueliang’s decades of research，He starts from the perspective of humanities and sciences，It opened up ethnic linguistics with overall cultural construction and overall research methods、Minority folk literature and folklore、Cross -disciplinary channels for cultural research，It has important theoretical inspiration for interdisciplinary research at present。

1913，Ma Xueliang was born in Rongcheng County, Shandong Province，Poverty of the family hits his strong will，He has successively established Model Primary School in Rongcheng County、Weihai Qidong Middle School、Jinan Donglu Middle School、Jinan Provincial Senior High School Studies，After the illness of illness due to illness，Professor of Chinese text at Rongcheng County Normal University。1934，Ma Xueliang went to Beijing，Think of Peking University，Major in Wei Jiangong、Luo Changpei、Shen Jishi、Hu Shi、Qian Mu and other scholars。According to Ma Xueliang in "My Life", "the first grade course，There is Mr. Wei Jiangong’s Yuexue、Mr. Luo Changpei's Voice、Mr. Shen Ji Shi's text、Mr. Hu Shi's literary history and Mr. Qian Mu's Chinese history。"" "，It is the study experience of this period of Peking University period，The research foundation of Ma Xueliang's life has laid it，He wrote "" Dialect "Kaoyuan" under the guidance of Mr. Luo Changpei，Under the guidance of Mr. Shen Yishi，Write "Shijiang River" with "Right Win"。In addition，He is also deeply affected by Hu Shi's "History of Vernacular Literature"，Entering the research path of folk literature。Ma Xueliang described the most like to listen to Hu Shi's "History of Broken Literature"，"There are only 13 official students in this course，and every time there are hundreds of people who come to listen to the class，Therefore, I have to change to class in Peking University's largest bet365 best casino games lecture。Mr. Hu Shi introduced folk literature to the university's class for the first time，Civilians who attracted Layang cars also came to listen to talk，This was a sensational news at the time "。

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After the "July 7th Incident" in 1937，Peking University moves to Changsha，and Tsinghua University、Nankai University formed a temporary university，After the war, eat tightly，Decided to move Kunming again。Ma Xueliang participated in the "Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan Tour"，And as an assistant of Mr. Wen Yiduo, inspect along the way、Record the customs and living habits of various nations。Ma Xueliang feels a lot when talking about this period，"Mr. Wen Yiduo collects the customs all the way，Collect the mountain songs of ethnic minorities、folk song、folk legends，Due to the gap between national language，Difficulties during the investigation。When I learned that I learned in the Chinese Department of Peking University，Just ask me to investigate，Using international phonetic logo to record survey materials，For those who can find two languages ​​in the future to translate "。During the Southwest United University，Ma Xueliang still keeps close contact with Wen Yiduo，absorb and practice the "academic research should be out of the book and the old paper pile，Facing the Earth "concept。Under the influence and guidance of Wen Yizhi，Ma Xueliang attaches great importance to the collection and recording of folk literature，and initially laid the principle of his "loyal record" of minority folk literature。It can be said，The trip to Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan triggers Ma Xueliang to folklore、Nationalology、Interest of anthropology。His relationship with Mr. Wen Yiduo，It was "an important reason for studying folk literature and folklore"，The academic attitude rooted in the folk makes his subsequent academic research far beyond the "Chen rules limit" of general academic research，The so -called "withdraw from the barriers，For the opening of a lifetime "。

1938，Ma Xueliang organizes the materials collected along the way，Write the article "Xiang, Qianyi Language"，Published in one of the most famous publications in the historical and cultural research of the Southwest frontier during the War of Resistance Against the War- "Southwest Border"，officially opened the road to his ethnic language and literature research。In the same year，During the Chinese language period at the Professor of Rural Normal School in Xuanwei County，Ma Xueliang investigated the Yi people's folk customs in the name of the Southwest Lian University teacher to the Xuanwei Yi area，Published in publications Bet365 lotto review such as "Southwest Border" and "Border Public Public Theory" and other articles such as "Xuanwei River East Camp" and "Myth of Yunnan Tumins"。

　　Research on Folk Literature of Minority Ethnic Minority Ethnic Minorities

1939，Ma Xueliang was admitted to the Institute of Liberal Arts of Peking University with excellent results，Teacher learn from Mr. Li Fanggui to learn ethnic minority linguistics。，Ma Xueliang began to systematically accept research methods of Western description of linguistics，and follow Li Fanggui to Nanxian Village, Lunan County, Yunnan Province for investigation internship。During the process of sorting the Sani language，Ma Xueliang "recorded 40 or 50 stories and festivals、Folklore、Long -term materials such as sacrifice gods "。At that time, he was preparing information for the dissertation of Sani's grammatical research in the future，But "Grass Snake Gray Line，Fusai Thousand Miles "，During this period of field survey and field practice have affected his decades of research direction for decades。

1941，After graduating from the graduate student of Ma Xueliang，The Minority Language Group of the Institute of History and Language of the Institute of History of the Central Academy of Sciences is the assistant researcher。Autumn in the same year，Ma Xueliang went to Wu Ding、Lu Dou、Investigate the language of Yi people in Yi areas such as Xundian、Text、Religious scriptures and social history。Ma Xueliang "Walk the village skewers，Examine the customs of Yi people，Collect the folk songs of the Yi nationality、Ancient sayings、Myth and Legend "，After several years of deep cultivation，He discovered the "source flow of etiquette and customs" in the classics of Yi texts。When Ma Xueliang talked about the custom of the Yi sacrifice, he must insert the custom of Maturi on the ground，Like it with the collected Yi people's flood myth，"After the flood，The ancestors of the Yi people are hung on the hemp branch of the cliff，It is only spared to die。Obviously，Malo became the incarnation of Taibai God，The symbol of becoming their ancestral source "(" "" Semi -Shoulder Luggage and Half -Shoulder Book "—— Visit Mr. Ma Xueliang"。Ma Xueliang will also have the history of Yi and Yi social history、Customs and habits are combined for research，He has published "The Witcher" 呗 耄 "and" Sky Book "," One of Heaven "," One of the Blacks "," The Night Club of Men and Women "," The Note of the Men's Writers for the Translation of the Sutra " "Xuanwei's Bai Yi's Funeral System", "Research on the Ceremony of the People" and other papers，These achievements later included in his "Research Collection of bet365 Play online games Yunnan Yi Ceremony and Customs"。

Studies in this period，Not only truly reproduced Ma Xueliang from the late 1930s to the early 1940s, a period of course in the study of ethnic minority language culture surveys，It is also the beginning of his research on folk literature in ethnic minorities。His record and interpretation of Yi language etiquette and customs，Breaking through a single language description and analysis，By language analysis、Cultural interpretation、Three levels of theoretical construction，Compare research based on cultural psychology and cultural context，Change the language of the previous research、Simple explanation of cultural separation and view，Rich and developed national linguistics、Folk Literature、Theoretical doctrine of disciplines and other disciplines。

　　Collect the scientific principles of folk literature

At the beginning of the founding of New China，Ma Xueliang was borrowed from Peking University's East Language Department to the newly established Central National College (now Central National University) to build a Chinese department。Ma Xueliang actively devoted himself to education，The two aspects of the training of ethnic minority teachers and the writing of national language textbooks laid a solid foundation for the development of national language disciplines。1956，Ma Xueliang was invited to participate in the planning of the first language census nationwide。In the census，He followed the previous research，Investigation and collection of minority folk literature combined with the census of ethnic minority language，For folk literature、Discipline construction of ethnic minority literature for data reserve。"Folk Literature" in August 1956 issued him and Miao students 邰 Changhou、The Miao epic "Gold and Silver Song" translated by Jin Dan。In the article "Ancient Songs" published in the same period，Ma Xueliang emphasizes his loyal attitude and scientific principles of collecting and organizing folk literature- "in text，We want to translate loyalty as much as possible。Our work process is this: first record the full text with phonetic symbols，Then compare the original text，Translation of separate sentences，After reading each other，Modify processing again。General parts have been modified three times，Individual paragraphs pass through four translations and five translations。But despite this，There must be a lot of false places "。Facing the "New folk Song Movement" in the late 1950s，Ma Xueliang also always maintains a sober attitude，Published "More and better translation of minority folk literature"bet365 best casino games ，Emphasize collection、Translation of ethnic minority folk literature must be rigorous、Objective attitude。He believes that "the moldy things in oral creation，There is also the real flash，Use it，Not only can it fill the historical blank，Can also correct world prejudice with historical materialist views "(" "" Semi -Shoulder Luggage and Half shoulder book "—— Visit Mr. Scholars Liang")。

Zhong Jingwen talked about the importance of "The Principles of the Loyal Records -Primitive Horse Xueliang Liang Liang" Collection of Minority Folk Literature "": "Comrade Xueliang in articles and speeches on some ethnic minority folk literature，All emphasize the principles that must be recorded faithfully "，This phenomenon of "literary (algae) and political records" that warn folk literature collection and finishing。"We think: not only does it provide scientific research information，Requires a record of motionless，Even in order to provide information about the selection of the readings of the masses，First of all, it should be a loyal record (of course，When the editor was selected later，can have a certain change)。"The epic in 1983 and published in 1985 and the publication of the Yihan control version of" Ashma "，It reflects the consistent thought of Ma Xueliang's folk literature。Take the 1985 version of "Ashima" as an example，This part of "Ashima" is compiled according to the translation of the family translation of Jin Guoku of the Yinan County Yi scripture.。In order to lose the original meaning and easy to study，Ma Xueliang recommends adopting the four -line translation method，"The first line is the original poem and Yi，The second line of international phonetic symbol injection，Third line of word -by -word literal translation，Translation of the fourth line of sentence (free translation)，Then add instructions with the text to explain the relevant customs "。This translation retains the artistic style of the original text、Language features and national forms，"Not only does it provide the original and loyal translation for writers for in -depth research on" Ashma "，And can study the language and customs of the Sani Yi nationality，Provide more authentic scientific materials "。In the "Preface" of this "Ashma"，Ma Xueliang talked about the method of dealing with the differences in folk narrative structure and lack of plot，I think the problem lies in how to treat collecting and finishing。He clearly stated: "We advocate a loyal record，Carefully sort out。Faithful record is the basis，With a loyal record，Only to sort out more reliable oral literature。As long as you are loyal bet365 Play online games to raw materials，Do not add deletion at random，Excessive processing，is a good finishing work。"Of course，The faithful principle emphasized by Ma Xueliang does not mean that it is completely opposed to "changing the old and new"，He believes that he can accept the necessary deletion and processing，The opposition is "abuse reform", "separation from reality", "everywhere to welcome the trend", "strong ancients is the present"，Proposal, "Is not to change the old editor and new，Instead, we will borrow the corpse to the wall and return to the soul "。

　Unified academic vision

The 1980s，Folk Literature、Ethical Literature、Folklore、Disciplines such as ethnicology have new development。This period，Ma Xueliang focuses on the theoretical research of folk literature and the study of the horizontal connection between folk literature and other disciplines。He proposed that "folk oral literature is the endless source of language research，And linguistics is an important means to investigate folk literature "，"The Folk Literature of Chinese Ethnic Minorities" and "On the Minority Folk Literature and Linguistics、The relationship between ethnicology "," New Topics of Creating Ethnic Literature Research -Introduction of Poetry Rhythm of Ethnic Minorities "and other articles，Editor's "Selection of Chinese Ethnic Literature Works"，Publishing "The Epic Obligue" composed of Jin Dan，and Luo Xionge、Gold State Takaya、Fan Huijuan and other collaborative note "Ashima (Yihan Control Edition)"。In the field of folklore research，He proposed "Drive the historical comparison method in linguistics，Perform the folk customs of different ethnic groups and compares the time and duration，Explore the mutual relationship between the folk customs of all ethnic groups from the horizontal aspect; trace the law of folk customs from the aspects，So the original form that is proposed to produce customs "。

Ma Xueliang is exhausted for the construction of minority literature disciplines，can be described as "Lan Road Lan Ring，Yi Qishan Forest "，Whether it is theoretical construction、Talent training or discipline development，He always adheres to Wen Yiduo、Luo Changpei、Shen Jishi、Li Fanggui and other older generations of scholars' academic attitude，Starting from actual，I have proposed many practical and feasible、It still affects the advice of the subject direction today。For example，Rescue key works，"Be careful to introduce outstanding works of folk literature of ethnic minorities"。

In the mid -to -late 1980s，Ma Xueliang began to continue to compile the "Yi Jingli Cultural Bet365 app download Dictionary" that was not completed in the 1940s，Editor -in -chief "History of Chinese Minority Literature", "Research on Comparison of Chinese Ethnic Minority Literature", "Introduction to Chinese Tibetan" and other textbooks，and publish your research results over decades。"Until the last moment of life，He still uses teaching as a joy，Le is not tired of this;，Written farming "(" Realm、Seeking new、Seeking Truth -Mr. Ma Xueliang Life ")。His life，can be described as "Wu Ru Mountain，Standing with ancient style "，For peers，His virtuous valley; for young scholars，He always gives pointers with a wide mind、Carrying，never regret praise and encouragement。

Mr. Ma Xueliang not only achieved outstanding achievements in the field of linguistics，It also promoted ethnic minority literature、Folk Literature、Research and development of folklore。His rigorous and serious academic attitude subtly affects a group of scholars，It is in ethnic minority literature、The reference of multidisciplinary research theories and methods in folk literature research has expanded the breadth and depth of research，Interdisciplinary、Multi -angle、Multi -level research vision For the current new liberal arts、Cross -cultural research has some inspiration and reference meaning。

　(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Nationalities and Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)