Bet365 lotto review，refers to an individual’s wishes for himself and others、Faith、Knowledge and understanding of psychological states such as motivation and the relationship between psychological states and behavior，The ability to explain and predict behavior accordingly。This concept was first proposed by psychologists in the 1970s when studying the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees。Researchers think，Individuals can treat themselves、Attributing the mental states of other people or other species，The reason why this inference system is considered a theory，On the one hand, because these internal states cannot be directly observed，On the other hand, this inference system can be used to explain and predict behavior。

Over 40 years，From Social Psychology、Cognitive Psychology、Developmental Psychology、Scholars in the fields of clinical psychology and anthropology try to explore and explain the cognitive mechanism and evolutionary origins of Bet365 lotto review from different angles。Is this important psychological ability unique to humans？If not，What are the differences in the performance of this ability among different species？What are the specific aspects of the difference？What evolutionary secrets can such differences reveal？Is it the complex society that shapes this ability，It is still this ability that leads to the emergence of complex societies？

We often understand scientific issues through two paths: one is from a relatively microscopic perspective，Looking for proximate causes of scientific problems， For example, exploring the development process and cognitive mechanism of Bet365 lotto review abilities；The second is from a relatively macro perspective，Looking for remote causes of scientific problems，For example, exploring the functions of mental abilities，That is, why certain Bet365 lotto review abilities are retained during the evolution，What unique adaptive significance does it have。

　　Exploring the intrinsic cognitive mechanism of Bet365 lotto review

Desire and Belief are two types of mental states that are often involved in psychological Bet365 lotto review research。Desire refers to an individual’s intention or goal to engage in a certain activity，Belief refers to the understanding formed by an individual based on his or her current experience when engaging in certain activities。For example，The "want" to eat fruit is a wish，The "thinking" about where to put the fruit is belief，Through understanding of individual desires and beliefs，We will be able to determine where the individual will go to get the fruit。

Human infants can understand that different individuals have different wishes as early as 9 months old，At 18 months old，Begin to understand that others can have wishes or preferences that are inconsistent with your own。Animals also have Bet365 lotto review - male Eurasian jays will actively court females during the breeding season，The way they court a mate is to offer the food they find to the female。The experimenter manipulated the experimental procedure to make the female Eurasian jay prefer a certain food (assumed to be food A) (this process can be seen by the male Eurasian jay)，Then give the male Eurasian jay two kinds of food (assumed to be food A and food B) and let him choose freely，It was found that males would more often choose food A to offer to females。

The research evidence on belief understanding is more complex and diverse。Human studies show，In the classic false belief task， Children usually do not develop a better understanding of the wrong beliefs that others may hold about the world until they are around 4 years old。But this kind of task involves words、Many mental abilities such as executive function and memory。Children’s performance may be the result of a variety of Bet365 lotto review abilities，Not just Bet365 lotto review understanding。If children’s Bet365 lotto review understanding is sufficient to support them in making correct judgments，But cannot restrain himself from expressing what he knows to be true due to insufficient executive function，Then it will fail in the above task。Therefore，Later research will eliminate the interference of other mental abilities，This is also true in animal research。Researchers on great apes (chimpanzees、Under study of bonobos and orangutans，Let the great apes watch video footage of a human acting as the mountain gorilla "King Kong"，And use eye tracking technology to record their gaze patterns，That is, after eliminating interference from executive functions and other Bet365 lotto review abilities，Discovered that great apes can not only understand what kind of knowledge and experience the individual gorillas in the video clips have，Can also understand the beliefs they form based on these knowledge and experiences。

The similarities and differences in methods and results of human and animal research are as follows: on the one hand，Through some sophisticated research methods such as non-verbal tasks，Researchers discover that humans and some animals have Bet365 lotto review；On the other hand，There are differences in the performance of Bet365 lotto review between humans and animals。Human psychological theory gradually matures with individual development，Ultimately showing complex and advanced psychological understanding abilities，Relevant evidence from animal studies suggests，The best psychological understanding abilities displayed by animals are far inferior to those of human adults。Such commonalities and differences remind us，Bet365 lotto review emerges early in life，And mature with individual development。This ability is not unique to humans，It may be subject to language development、Education、Promotion of cultural and other factors，But these factors are not the root mechanism of its production。Consistency across species reveals mental understanding may have unique adaptive implications，To explore its significance，You need to explore the evolution process，Then uncover the reason why this ability has been preserved in the process of natural selection。

　　Psychological Bet365 lotto review has unique adaptive significance

We need to constantly interact socially with others in our daily lives，A psychological ability necessary for social interaction is Bet365 lotto review。Maybe we often don’t realize it，But psychological theory plays an important role all the time。What is so unique about this psychological ability？Maybe we can get some explanations from animal studies。

Some early research findings，Our closest relatives, the chimpanzees, ignore social cues provided by the experimenter in cooperative situations， But make better use of social cues to obtain food in competitive situations；Bonobos perform better than chimpanzees in cooperative situations。Based on the above evidence，We can speculate that the acquisition of Bet365 lotto review may be related to cooperation and competition in social interactions，Due to differences in living environment and social structure，Competition within certain species is more critical，Cooperation within other species is even more critical，Therefore the differences in psychological theory under different situations are revealed。

Some researchers have criticized the above-mentioned study for lack of ecological validity，That is, the experimental situation is too different from the real life scenes of animals such as chimpanzees。The social cues provided by the experimenter are likely to be things that chimpanzees do not use in daily life (such as sign language)。Therefore，Later researchers further explored the behavioral performance of animals of different species in cooperative situations based on improved research methods，It turned out that great apes (such as chimpanzees、Orangutans and gorillas, etc.)、Macaque、Dogs and some birds can show understanding of the Bet365 lotto review states of other individuals in cooperative situations。

Differences in psychological theory between us and other animals may be the key to the formation of unique and complex human cultures。Before humans and chimpanzees diverged，Our common ancestor may have had a basic Bet365 lotto review，And in the process of differentiation，Modern Homo sapiens have acquired a more complex psychological theory in the course of evolution。We pay more attention to the understanding of shared intentionality in social interactions，Promotes cooperative behavior among individuals；Due to the differences in resource distribution characteristics and social structure in the living environment，Chimpanzees pay more attention to competition in social interactions，Therefore, the performance in different research paradigms will be different。An important issue that researchers are concerned about is the motivational differences between different species when showing Bet365 lotto review，For example, competitive situations can promote chimpanzees’ Bet365 lotto review performance，Cooperative situations promote Bet365 lotto review performance in humans and bonobos。Different behaviors reflect different motivations，Different motivations mean that different species face different selection pressures，Competitive chimpanzees may have a survival advantage，Cooperative humans and bonobos have a better survival advantage。Strong prosocial tendency (cooperative behavior) is probably one of the important reasons why human society has developed to this day。

In short，Bet365 lotto review concepts emerged from animal research，Subsequent and continuing evidence from animal studies not only revealed the cognitive mechanisms underlying Bet365 lotto review，And it can help us understand the adaptive significance of this ability in the evolutionary process，Especially the unique role it plays in the formation of human society。

Most primates show an understanding of the mental states of other individuals，But some birds also exhibit corresponding Bet365 lotto review。The brain structure of birds is very different from that of humans，Under the conditions of huge differences in physiological structure，But showed similar psychological understanding ability，Explaining the physiological basis and cognitive mechanism it relies on is very basic，Perhaps the acquisition of this ability does not require long-term learning。This difference also indicates that Bet365 lotto review appears early in phylogeny。

Based on existing research evidence，Future related research can focus on new species、New Technology、New paradigm and other aspects，New technologies and new paradigms can provide more sophisticated research on psychological theory、Precise conditions，The exploration of new species will provide a broader perspective for revealing the secrets of the evolution of Bet365 lotto review。Especially today when the artificial intelligence industry is booming，Sophisticated computer technology and complex mathematical and physical methods are certainly important，But we need to use machines to reproduce human beings’ superb and complex intelligence，We must explore the origin and development mechanism of human intelligence from the root，Animal research may provide a new perspective for the development and innovation of artificial intelligence。As Professor Matsuzawa Tetsuro of Kyoto University, Japan said，If we talk about neuroscience、Physiology、Anatomy and molecular biology are dedicated to understanding the structure and function of the modern human brain，Then the comparative psychological study of animals and humans is to explore the reasons why the human brain evolved into what it is now。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Bet365 lotto review and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University)