Whether it is in the professional field of bet365 apuestas，Still in the field of popular science for the public，When we use the word "bet365 apuestas" in a disciplinary sense，It is often followed by the word "science"。It seems we need to constantly emphasize to the outside world，Also hint to ourselves: bet365 apuestas is a science。But this overemphasis is sometimes comical。First，Physics worshiped by bet365 apuestas、Disciplines such as chemistry rarely use expressions such as "physical science" or "chemical science"，Because they represent science，No need to emphasize。If bet365 apuestas is science，This is purely a tautology。If bet365 apuestas is not exactly a science，Then this expression may be misleading。Secondly，Not all psychologists who use this expression are clear in what sense they are using the word "scientific"。Because the word "science" is used in different contexts，It expresses different meanings。Even if understood from the perspective of knowledge production，Still have different meanings。

In a broad sense，Or “science” in the German sense，It is inclusive。Science as Wundt understood it，includes mythology、Including language and art。Husserl even believed that，Only philosophy is strict science。In a narrow sense，It is “science” in the American sense，Mainly emphasizes natural science。But without further distinguishing the concept of "science"，Experimental psychologists generally take it for granted that the word science is enough to give psychological knowledge a certain unconscious legitimacy；Science means quantitative analysis and manipulative experiments；Science means staying away from philosophical speculation。So，There is this classic expression in bet365 apuestas textbooks: "1879，bet365 apuestas breaks away from the shackles of philosophy and becomes an independent science。"This sentence implies three points: "Since bet365 apuestas and philosophy were separated，This discipline has grown；Philosophy once dragged down bet365 apuestas；And philosophy may ‘counterattack’ at any time in the future，Bringing bet365 apuestas back to the level of speculation。So，This is what contemporary psychologists should be wary of。”

In fact, the relationship between bet365 apuestas and philosophy is not like this.

　　The independence of bet365 apuestas has nothing to do with whether it is far away from philosophy

When we say that "bet365 apuestas has become an independent science because it has broken away from the shackles of philosophy"，There is already a subconscious assumption that we need a non-philosophical subject，But bet365 apuestas in the modern empirical sense。Actually，This implies a blind "scientific complex" (the goal of bet365 apuestas is to become a science like physics) and "philosophical taboo" (bet365 apuestas must not be "reduced" to philosophy)。Because it seems that only "science" can give this emerging discipline the legitimacy of knowledge。

Then，In human society，Are there any areas of knowledge，They never pursued "scientific" status，But it is still of great significance to us？Of course，For example, poetry、Novel、Myth、Painting、Sculpture、Music、Classics...these fields never aspired to "scientific" status，But their value has never been questioned。In fact，At the beginning, bet365 apuestas was faced with a choice that could take both into account, but was regarded by some as a choice that could only choose one or the other: to understand human beings，Let’s make it a science。If these two choices are really irreconcilable，Where should we go?？In fact, we need to answer this question，Just take a step back and think: why do we need a bet365 apuestas？To understand ourselves？A formal science is still needed？A few people choose the former，They are regarded as "non-mainstream" bet365 apuestas or even "pseudo-bet365 apuestas"；Most people chose the latter，They call themselves “mainstream”、Experimental、Scientific bet365 apuestas。

When bet365 apuestas was born more than a hundred years ago，There are two standards for the definition of science: first，The standard of empiricism，Scientific knowledge must be empirically verified or falsified，Scientific concepts must be operationally defined；Second，The standard of rationalism，Scientific knowledge must be based on precise measurements and mathematical deductions。These two standards are still regarded as the norms of bet365 apuestas，So psychological experiment、Psychological Statistics、Courses and techniques in psychometrics are considered the “core” of bet365 apuestas。There is nothing wrong with advocating these two standards，The problem is that mainstream experimental bet365 apuestas developed based on these two standards has had little success。In the list of new domestic academicians，There is a huge difference between bet365 apuestas and other natural sciences；Overview of the list of previous Nobel Prize winners in Natural Science，There are also very few winners for “psychological achievements”。Then we don’t look at the results，Is it okay to just look at the process？Have we formed a theoretical system belonging to bet365 apuestas itself、Axiomatic system、Method system、Conceptual system？Open the psychological treatise，In addition to a large number of "psychological effects"，There are only a few that can be called "psychological laws" (and most of them were half a century ago)，Don’t be demanding about constructing a theoretical system - because in the eyes of experimental psychologists，“Theory” is similar to “philosophy”，And philosophy is what they want to stay away from，Otherwise I wouldn’t be a “scientist”。For some psychologists，Reported P<0.05 seems to mean that the research is complete。They seem to have ignored the most important feature of science: ultimately forming a complete theoretical system。I don’t know，The nature of a scientist is not that of a craftsman，Not an experimenter，But a thinker (given the context in which “science and technology” are often used together in China，This topic needs to be discussed separately)。Let’s go back to the history of natural sciences，From Newton to Einstein，Anyone who can be called "a great scientist who has greatly promoted the progress of a certain subject"，Is there anyone who has no systematic theoretical discussion on this subject？But in the current bet365 apuestas world，Famous、No writing，There is research、No theory，There are papers、There are many people who have no system。Some people claim to have established a school、Psychologist who created the theory，Their ontological presuppositions about the discipline、Methodological innovation、Innovation in applied technology，Where is the innovation even in the conceptual system？If we insist on writing them into the history of bet365 apuestas，How to refine their “thoughts”？

In fact，After the independence of bet365 apuestas，Never far away from the observation of philosophy。

On the one hand，What is currently considered a “scientific” standard by mainstream psychologists，It was raised by philosophers - because this topic belongs to the issue of "scientific demarcation" in the philosophy of science。The standards we usually think of to judge whether bet365 apuestas is a science - empirical confirmation、False by experience、Concepts such as operational definitions have their philosophical origins，It can be said that they are all the contributions of philosophers。The view of empirical verification comes from logical positivism in the philosophy of science，The view of empirical falsification comes from the view of the scientific philosopher Popper，Operational definition is influenced by logical empiricism in the philosophy of science。More details，Even the issue of demarcation between science and non-science is the contribution of philosophers。Based on the lack of understanding of the relationship between bet365 apuestas and philosophy，Such a situation occurs in bet365 apuestas: in the widely circulated book "Say No to "Pseudo bet365 apuestas"" that endorses "scientific bet365 apuestas"，The author uses the views of the philosopher Popper to oppose the views of other philosophers，And tell everyone how "philosophical meditation" is "useless"，How “ideas” are “worthless”。

On the other hand，From the academic journey of the founders of bet365 apuestas，There is no indication that their psychological contributions are far away from philosophy。Wundt was a philosophy professor with strict training in medicine and physiology。Brentano did a lot of foundational work for the birth of the later mainstream philosophy-phenomenology，Laid the philosophical foundation for humanistic bet365 apuestas。Freud was also a maverick who received strict medical training and embarked on the path of humanistic bet365 apuestas，Laid the foundation of hermeneutics for the methodology of humanistic bet365 apuestas。James was trained in chemistry and physiology，Finally embarked on the path of humanistic bet365 apuestas。Back to history，We cannot see any trace of bet365 apuestas moving away from philosophy。On the contrary，Any scholar who has made significant contributions to bet365 apuestas，There are often systematic theoretical treatises，For example, Freud、Jung、Piaget、Vygotsky，Even representatives of behaviorism and cognitive bet365 apuestas, which are most respected by experimental psychologists，There are also a large number of theoretical treatises。What’s more important，In these writings，They discussed a lot of philosophical issues in bet365 apuestas。For example，Skinner systematically discussed the relationship between determinism and free will、Self-problems。It can be seen from this，The disciplinary independence of bet365 apuestas has nothing to do with whether it is far away from philosophy，On the contrary，bet365 apuestas has always maintained a very close relationship with philosophy。

　　Examining basic theoretical issues in bet365 apuestas from a philosophical perspective

At home，Mainstream experimental bet365 apuestas has “successfully” “distanced” from philosophy。The specific performance is，Books on psychological methods，In the past, the philosophical basis of methodology was basically not involved (this has changed in recent years)；Inside the curriculum system for bet365 apuestas majors，Few of them can offer courses on "Philosophy of bet365 apuestas" (or "Theoretical bet365 apuestas")；bet365 apuestas research project，If you want to involve theoretical issues，It is more appropriate to apply to the discipline of philosophy than to apply to the discipline of bet365 apuestas。bet365 apuestas applications for the National Social Science Fund are generally in sociology or ethnology，Applying for natural science funds is generally in the life sciences，And neither of these two channels leaves room for philosophical issues in bet365 apuestas。

In sharp contrast is，The most admired by psychologists、Physics, which best demonstrates its natural scientific attributes, is not like this。Every year the National Natural bet365 apuestas Foundation of China has an application channel for the "Special Fund for Theoretical Physics"，Specializes in exploring philosophical issues in physics。Physicists would think，First-class physics requires the support of philosophy，First-class physicists need to explore philosophical issues，Need information such as time、Discuss the "essential nature" of space and other issues，They won’t think this is meaningless “empty talk”。

Physics as a symbol of natural science，Never far away from philosophy。bet365 apuestas，An emerging discipline that attempts to become a natural science like physics，Mainstream experimental bet365 apuestas is trying to stay away from philosophy，The development of his discipline is “almost as common as ordinary people”？

Mainstream experimental psychologists try to distance themselves from philosophy，An important reason is，They don’t understand what philosophy is。They thought，Philosophy is “armchair speculation”，Just "useless fantasy"。What exactly is philosophy？This is not a question that can be explained clearly in a few words。But at least for specific empirical disciplines，According to Professor Sun Zhengyu’s point of view，Philosophy lies in "the premise criticism of theoretical thinking"。Then，Does bet365 apuestas need “criticism”？The "criticism" mentioned here，Refers to the basic concepts of bet365 apuestas、Proposition、Theoretical system，Need to constantly “reflect and review” from a philosophical level。Why does it need to be reviewed？Because of any specific subject，Besides philosophy，When expressing opinions，all unconsciously、Unconsciously implies many philosophical presuppositions that cannot be proved，These philosophical presuppositions cannot be proven，Cannot be falsified，It’s even hard to define。But，These are mandatory、Unconditional philosophical presupposition，But draws boundaries for these theoretical expressions，If our inferences exceed these bounds，Then，The originally reliable knowledge system has lost its foundation，“Science” becomes “superstition”。Therefore，In Mathematics、Physics、Chemistry，There will always be some axioms that do not require proof，Or self-evident assumption。For example，In Newtonian mechanics system，It is preset that time passes evenly、Spatially uniform distribution，This is a common sense assumption，Only within this default range，Newtonian mechanics system is valid，Once beyond this range，A new scientific system is needed。Einstein surpassed Newton’s premise，Discussed changes in time and space，So the theory of relativity was proposed。Same，The same is true for psychological research。For example，In the method system of bet365 apuestas，“Events with small probability will not happen” constitute one of the presuppositions of psychological statistics，“Psychological phenomena must have their quantity，Any quantity must be measurable" constitutes the presupposition of psychological measurement。According to the standards of "scientific bet365 apuestas"，These two assumptions cannot be "proven"，It is only effective under certain conditions。But in actual operation，Due to the lack of systematic reflection and criticism on the presuppositions of these "theoretical issues"，P<0.05 has become the golden rule of psychological research。A psychological phenomenon that cannot be quantitatively analyzed for the time being is considered “unscientific”，This is obviously inappropriate。

Any subject，Including natural sciences such as physics，In its development process, it cannot leave the perspective of philosophy。Because of any empirical science，The most basic concept、Proposition、Axiomatic system，All rooted in philosophy。The development of bet365 apuestas，There cannot be a lack of discussion of its basic theoretical presuppositions from a philosophical level，But we need to keep returning to basic theoretical issues，To examine the original intention and future direction of the discipline。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation project "Research on the Theoretical Roots of the Split Crisis in the bet365 apuestas Discipline and the Philosophical Basis of Integration" (18BZX048)

(Author’s Affiliation: School of bet365 apuestas, Northwest Normal University)