The reasonable flow of the teacher team is to solve the shortage of teachers、Improve the structure of the university teacher team、An important part of improving the efficiency of teachers and teaching quality。Higher universities in developed countries are maintaining the stability of the teachers、Under the premise of improving the quality of teaching，Promoting public recruitment、Competitive job、Reasonable flow、Structure Optimization、Dynamic balance，Forms a complete university teacher flow mechanism。

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Reasonable construction structure in developed countries、Dynamic balance、Multiple measures for teachers full of vitality and economical and efficient teachers。

First，Publicization of teachers' recruitment system、internationalization and competition。Teachers management of foreign universities mostly adopt a teacher's job appointment system under the framework of the government's relevant government education regulations，That is，Clear corresponding conditions、Work responsibilities and rights，Then openly recruit teachers from the society。The process is generally，Teachers who apply for job hunting first submit the application letter to the university，The school recruitment committee evaluates the applicants in accordance with certain standards and procedures，Finally, the principal、The board of directors or the competent department of education is approved and approved in accordance with the evaluation opinions。To recruit excellent teachers，United States、UK、Canada、Singapore and other colleges and universities are not only for domestic，And facing the world。

2，Pay attention to avoid "close relative breeding" in the employment of teachers。To prevent too close due to academic Bet365 app download blood，Form a narrow "gang" system，Promoting the long and outstanding talents of the Bobo's family and the excellent talents，United States、UK、Germany and other developed countries do not directly retain the graduates of the university when selecting university teachers。such as，In the process of recruitment, American universities do not directly hire the traditional and unwritten regulations of the school's graduates。Harvard University has a very valuable origin of teachers' selection and hiring、Qualification and talent。School regulations，All fresh graduates trained in this school must leave the school，Can't be hired directly as a teacher。German universities generally do not promote professors from our teachers。The "Higher Education Outline Law" issued by Germany in 1987，German universities are not allowed to recruit professors in schools，Can't hire our graduates as professors。Regulations on Cambridge University in the United Kingdom，The graduates of our school can only work in the foreign school or other departments of the society for several years，Only qualified to apply for the teacher of our school。

third，To promote the improvement of teachers and structure optimization with the help of the "non -promotion" system。"Non -rising is going" means that the teacher is in office，If the review will not be promoted，Only after -expired is the way to leave school and make a living。Some developed countries have evaluated a comprehensive system of university teachers and adopted the rigid principle of "non -rising or going" in the evaluation of teachers，Avoid the rigidity and solidification of the structure of the lifelong system and the structure of the talent。Inspired teachers to compete、Pursue excellent skills，Promoting the movement of teachers and the metabolism and structural optimization of the teacher team。such as，The Presidential Committee of the British University has advocated the abolition of the lifelong system Bet365 app download of teachers in the 1980s。Teachers at the middle and lower jobs of American universities basically implement the term system，After the expiration of the term of office，If you cannot be promoted to advanced position，You must leave the university to find another way。Harvard University teachers from lecturers to the longest years of associate professors must not exceed eight years，If the lecturer's hire period is full，Can't be promoted to the assistant professor，Assistant professors have been full of appointment and cannot be promoted to associate professor，The school will not continue to hire。Current，This principle has been by most American universities，Especially research university adopted。All universities in the United States have clear teacher position promotion system and approval procedures。The "Law on the term of the term of the college teacher and other term" by the Japanese Parliament in 1997 advocates the flow of teachers，But non -force regulations，The university can decide on its own。As of 2000，Japanese universities that implement the term system reached about 20%，And the term of office of teaching assistants or lecturers stipulated in each university is usually 2-10 years，Many universities stipulate that after the term of office expire, they can only be hired once。

Fourth，Teacher exchange items with different implementation periods。Promotion of short -term communication between teachers is a common measure of promoting teachers in many countries。such as，The EU's "Ilasmo" program is the short -term exchange program between students，Since 1997, it has expanded to the field of teachers，It aims to broaden the international vision of college teachers，The deadline is generally within one year，This project specifically includes two types of overseas teaching type and overseas training type。The number of teachers participating in the exchange increased from 7700 in 1997 to 37,000 in 2010，There are more than 300,000 teachers who have Bet365 app download participated in this project to date，Greatly promoted the multinational exchanges of internal teachers in the European Union。The Ministry of Culture and Department of Science and Technology also stipulates，The teacher is the complete "system person"，That is the official employee within the national education system，Need to flow regularly。

Fifth，Effective system combined with full -time and part -time teachers。Many universities in the West adopted a part -time teacher、Method for merging to mine teachers' potential，Promoting talent flow。Most teachers engaged in part -time jobs are out of interest or by school leaders、A retired teacher invited by a friend，It is a non -endless mobile preparation，Except for basic salary，No other welfare benefits。High proportion of part -time teachers in American universities，Especially private universities higher，Part -time teachers in some private schools can occupy more than half。This phenomenon is conducive to expanding the teachers of the entire society，Relieve the shortage of teachers' team shortage。In addition to recruiting formal teachers，Many countries hire a large number of informal teachers。These informal teachers undertake a considerable number of teaching and research work in the school，It is an indispensable part of the team of college teachers。

Sixth， Encourage teachers to communicate in the enterprise。Western universities in Western countries generally encourage teachers to go deep into enterprises to conduct research、Internship and part -time technical consultant、Technical Consultation, etc.。If the British government encourages college teachers to flow for short -term flow to enterprises。The British government has set up different levels of reward forms，At the first level of school and department，The government has set up "Industrial Seed Fund"，Projects developed in the direction of industrial applications to fund universities; and at the first level Bet365 app download of the teaching and research room，The Royal Society and the Research Committee of the Ministry of Science and Education have jointly established the "Industrial Research Fund"，To fund the encouragement of departure teachers to the factory、Enterprise and company work half a year to 2 years back to the original unit。Teachers of Canada University listed the matters such as "part -time other jobs", "industrial inspection", "carrying out some development -based design and application research work" as part of the personal occupation improvement plan。The German government stipulates that teachers from the University of Technology must have the ability to be competent in the enterprise and the ability to study the production problems of the enterprise，Enterprise consultants must be the person in charge of the engineering school。The Austrian Division of Scientific Research will give the enterprise part -time funding for university teachers in the demonstration project of "scientists for economic"。

　Basic results of the flow of teachers in developed countries

A reasonable teacher flow system for foreign universities，and achieve positive results。One，Public recruitment to the society has promoted the diversity of sources of teachers。Wide recruitment for domestic and foreign、Competition、Selection，It helps to solve the problem of teacher shortage，Breaking the source of the source of the source，Avoid "close relative breeding"。Admission through selection，Select and form an excellent teacher team，Optimized the teacher's knowledge structure，Eliminate the single academic thought of colleges and universities、Question of rigid and solidification，Improve the vitality of school running。Its two，Entering through competition、Non -rising system improves the fair competition of teachers，Realize the best choice。Non -rising system promotes the healthy competition of teachers and the formation of upward struggle atmosphere，Bet365 lotto review Improving teachers' learning spirit、Work enthusiasm、Innovation ability and experience accumulation，Promoting the benign replacement and survival of the fittest of college teachers，It is conducive to improving teaching quality，In particular, the academic influence of prestigious universities played a positive role in promoting。Three，A combination of full -time teachers and part -time teachers solve the problem of teachers' shortage。Full -time and part -time mechanism expands the source of teachers、Optimized the teacher structure、Save teaching resources，Stable flowing promotes the overall vitality and competitiveness of the teacher team，Reasonable allocation of talent resources，Keep the teachers and teaching levels of schools relatively balanced。Four，Improving the level of teacher morality construction of the teacher team of college teachers。In developed countries through reasonable flow and competition mechanism，enhanced the correct worldview of the teacher、Outlook on Life、Value、Professional responsibility、The sense of dedication of the mission and love school，To improve the quality of teaching、Promote the healthy development of colleges and universities to create a good fashion and atmosphere。Its five，Provide a solid guarantee for the stable teaching order。The teacher flow mode that is compatible with the society established by developed countries is free、Organic combination of independent choice and fair competition、Social needs and salary guidance take care of、Stability and flexibility are available、Government guidance and market promotion characteristics and other characteristics，Stability of the college teachers、Teaching an orderly and efficient operation played a positive role。

but，A measures and results of effective flow of teachers in developed countries are not consistent。For example, compared with the United States，The flow mode of the EU countries with policy incentives bet365 live casino games and project support is not mature enough，Not becoming a normal state。Due to the complexity of the laws and regulations of different EU member states，EU teachers and students exchange、Integration of multinational education、There are still many difficulties and obstacles in the creation of joint degrees，I hope that EU member states will provide better laws and regulations in the future。

(This article is the Research on the Construction Countermeasures of Teachers and Modes in Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in the New Times "(2020-KYYWF-0982) phase results)

(Author Unit: Personnel Office of Heilongjiang University (Teacher Work Department))