Entering the 21st century，Facing the problem of population aging，To improve the fairness and sustainability of the pension system，A series of reforms in the UK，Balanced the government、Responsibility between enterprises and individuals。

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The practice of the "fragmented patch" of the previous government，The British pension system becomes extremely complicated，Not only difficult to operate，and is not conducive to the fairness of the pension system。To change this situation，The British government mainly adopts the following reform measures。

First, simplify the public pension system，Cancel the original National Basic Pension Plan (BSP)、National Second Pension Program (S2P) and other patch systems，Establish a "New National Pension Plan" (NSP)，and suitable for all employment population。The "New National Pension Plan" adopts the current collection and payment system，The budget and funding from the country uniformly determine the budget and fund，and the personal receipt amount is only related to its payment period，It has nothing to do with its salary income during the payment period，The calculation is relatively simple，Enhanced the expectations of the insured。

The second is to further clarify the functional positioning of the three pillars of the pension。The first pillar (new national pension) only provides the most basic pension guarantee function，That is, after the employee retires, he can only get a pension that is higher than the minimum income，It can only guarantee the basic retirement life。The second pillar (vocational pension) needs to assume bet365 Play online games the function of improving the alternative of pensions，Let the insurers get a higher level of retirement，At least maintaining its living standards will not decrease compared to retirement。The third pillar (personal pension) mainly plays the role of supplementary pensions，Provide a variety of choices for those who have personalized needs。

Third is to reduce the basic pension treatment gap between the public and private sector。Before the reform，Basic pensions of the British public sector are higher than the private sector; after reform,，The gap between the basic pension treatment of the public sector and the private sector has narrowed。

　Focus on the second pillar of development

I used to have a period of time，The focus of the British pension system has been placed in the first pillar。But with the implementation of a series of measures to alleviate financial burden，The pension replacement rate of the first pillar is reduced year by year。To solve the problem of sufficient pension benefits，The second pillar of the key development becomes an inevitable choice。

For this，On the one hand，The British government introduces the "mandatory provision" and "automatic registration mechanism" to improve the participation rate of the occupational annuity plan。"Mandatory provided" is a legally required employer to provide at least one professional pension plan。"Automatic Registration Mechanism" means changing the approach of the past enterprise employees who voluntarily chose to participate in the professional annuity plan，Instead of implementing compulsory or semi -strong insurance methods。Employees only need to be over 22 years old (before retirement)，and the income exceeds the prescribed threshold，Automatically participate in the occupational annuity plan default。Of course，In the absence of certain conditions，Employees have the right to choose to Bet365 lotto review exit。On the other hand，Encourage employees to participate in related plans through tax discounts and other measures。Professional annuity plan stipulates that the employer's payment rate is 3%，Employee payment rate is 4%，The state undertakes 1% by tax reduction or discount method。Employees can reduce the taxation level or obtain tax deductions by paying pensions，This employee, especially those who have higher income groups, have a greater attractiveness。

After hard work，The number of insureds in the second pillar of Britain increased significantly，From 10.71 million in 2012 to 21 million in 2021，The total size of the assets has reached 2.9 trillion pounds，The role of the second pillar in the British pension system becomes more and more important。It is worth mentioning is，The second pillar pension provides 35%-45%alternative，It makes up for the lack of lack of the first pillar pension replacement rate。

　　Follow the system sustainability and coordination of interests

Before the reform，Public pension in the UK takes the fundraising model for cash and pay，Public finance bears the responsibility of pocket。But with the intensification of population aging，The pressure of fiscal subsidies for public pensions is getting greater and greater，It is expected that the future pension gap will still be on the rise。To enhance the sustainability of the pension system，The British government always adheres to the principle of "guaranteeing basic" during the reform，Control the level of pension for the first pillar to the minimum income level，This makes the government's pension liability lighter。Compared to members of other economic cooperation and development organizations，The pension replacement rate provided by the first pillar of the UK is low，Only about 25%。

At the same time，The British government actively improves the coverage of the pension system。Relaxing the restriction conditions that need to bet365 Play online games be paid for 35 years to receive pensions，Regulations can get qualifications for receiving pensions for only 10 years of payment，and allow participants to make up for。The UK has also implemented a delayed retirement policy。Gradually increased the retirement age of women from 2010，By 2017, women's retirement age increases to consistent with men，65 years old，By 2021, the legal retirement age has reached 66 years。The British government encourages individuals to choose to delay receiving pensions，Selecting individuals who delay the receiving pension will get a certain delay retirement reward。

Promote the preservation and value -added of the endowment insurance fund through market -oriented investment，It is also an important measure for the British government to improve the sustainability of the pension system。Except the first pillar，The second and third pillars of the British pension can be invested to the stock、Bonds and other capital markets，It can even be invested in art and foreign options。The British government attaches importance to reducing pension management costs。In order to cooperate with the implementation of mandatory vocational pensions，The UK has established a National Vocational Savings Trust (NEST)，And with an ultra -low annual management fee of 0.3%of the investment management service of small and medium accounts。Current，881,000 companies have chosen the plan，Cover 9.9 million people，Among them, 98%of the number of enterprise employees is less than 50。At the same time，The British government encourages the professional pension management market to compete in full，Employers can freely choose the pension plan manager。

To reduce the resistance of reform，The United Kingdom can promote the coordination of multi -party interests through the methods of reforming the reform。First，Established the Pension bet365 live casino games Committee to evaluate the British pension system。As a professional third -party evaluation agency，Since its establishment in 2002, the Pension Committee has released three evaluation reports。The first evaluation report was released in October 2004，Focus on the problems of the existence of the pension system，and discussed and negotiated with the main bodies of interests; the second report was announced in November 2005，I have put forward some major reform suggestions，and solicit opinions on all parties; the third report was released in April 2006，The reform measures proposed basically have been recognized by the interests of all parties。Second，Proposed a normal growth mechanism for pensions that enhance the interests of all parties。From April 2011，The upward increase of the basic pension is changed to the growth rate of wage income、Consumption Price Index and the highest of 2.5%，The situation of changing the relatively average salary of pensions has continued to depreciate。Current，The full amount received by the new national pension is 185.15 pounds/week，It has increased significantly compared to 144 pounds/week in 2012。Last，Set a longer reform transition period。In order to take into account the ability of all parties，The implementation of many reform measures is relatively relieved，Allows to gradually reform in place。For example，Employers' payment rates of the Occupation Annuity Plan from 1%in 2012 to 2%in 2017，3%in 2018，Live nearly 6 years，Time to adapt to and conversion to employers。

　　results and challenges coexist

Generally speaking，After a series of reforms，The fairness of the British pension system has been improved。Housewives、Careers and temporarily withdrawn from the pension system are re -incorporated into the national pension plan，The goal of expanding Bet365 lotto review coverage。At the same time，Drawing on the revenue of the revenue of the pension system，The gap between the basic pension treatment between different professional groups has been reduced，Enhance the sense of recognition of the grassroots people。​​The sufficientness of British pension benefits is also guaranteed to a certain degree。As of 2021，The coverage rate of the British Occupation Annual Plan has reached about 90%，The overall net replacement rate of pension is maintained at 60%-70%。，The sustainability of the endowment insurance fund is enhanced。On the one hand，Pension guarantee from the country、Enterprises and individuals sharing together，The national financial burden is reduced; on the other hand，After the reform, the scale of British pension assets is on the rise，It has become a very important pension asset market in the world。

Of course，The reform of the pension system in the UK still faces other challenges。such as，How to further expand the coverage of occupational annuity。The Professional annuity plan in the UK is the payment determination type (DC type)，The disadvantage is that it is difficult to effectively cover individual households and women who engage in part -time jobs，How to incorporate these groups into the career annuity plan is a matter of matters that need to be considered。How to ensure the stability of the Insurance Fund Investment and other problems。September 2022，The news of the huge losses in British pensions has become a hot spot for global attention，Although the Central Bank directly intervened in the crisis，But also remind people that people should pay more attention to the stability of the investment insurance fund investment。

(This article is the Research and Drive Machine Research of the National Natural Science Foundation of China "The Evolutionary bet365 best casino games Patterns and Driving Machine Research" (42101172) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42101172)

(Author Unit: Business School of Hunan University of Science and Technology)