Language research certainly requires corpus。Early language researchers based on the materials that draw conclusions are mainly Chinese Literature，But affected by various factors，There are fewer Chinese land literatures that have been handed down，In particular, there are fewer medium literatures that have been handed down。Starting in the 1980s，Chinese translation Buddhist scriptures began to be valued by language researchers，It plays an important role in the study of Chinese history。but but，Because the Chinese translation of Buddhism is mostly a translation of foreign monks，The language in which will inevitably be affected by its mother tongue，So linguist Zhu Qingzhi regards the Chinese translation Buddhist scriptures as "Buddhist hybrid Chinese"。In recent years，With a large number of Brahma's release of survey and research results，This mixing characteristics of the Chinese translation Buddhist scriptures are gradually well known。So，Whether the corpus of it as a Chinese study is reliable, it has become a hot spot for discussions in the academic community。

Common words or core words，refers to the most frequently used words in human daily life。Wang Wei's "The Study of the History and Status of the Core Words of Chinese" in the book of the study of the core word in detail，In summary，Mainly is a historical vocabulary、The significance of the research of modern Chinese vocabulary and dialect。as above，We mention that the Chinese translation Buddhism has its special characteristics，The linguistic community also recognizes that the Chinese translation Buddhism has a strong spoken language，According to the existing research bet365 live casino games results,，Most of the composition of the mother tongue affected by the translated scriptures in the Chinese translation of the Buddhist scriptures is more special grammar、Vocabulary，The phenomenon that affects common words is relatively rare。And，Because the frequency of commonly used words in daily speaking is high，So，Even foreigners，The first Chinese content that master the first master should also be common words in Chinese。Theoretically speaking，Chinese common words in the Chinese translation Buddhist scriptures should be the true reflection of spoken language at that time，After all, the Buddhist scriptures are used to preach to the people with a high degree of cultural level。

So，In the case where there are fewer Chinese land literature during the medieval period，The Chinese translation Buddhist scriptures with strong spoken language are the best materials for studying Chinese words。

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With the help of the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures，We can take some commonly used words or common combinations to be advanced in advance。Here you can raise the expression of the concept of "face face" and the expression of the concept of "belly" as an example。

In the Middle Chinese Period，The concept of "wash face" is mainly expressed in the form of "washing"+"face"。So，When is this combination? If you only look at Middle -earth Literature，So the earliest use case may be seen in Jin Gehong's "Elbow Prepare Fang"。If "Elbow Back Preparation" Volume 6 "Bean Bean Fragrant Algae Method": "Alcal beans one liter，Bai Fu、藭 藭、Bai Yanqin、Water、Mainland、Tao Ren、Winter melon kernel each two or two，S screening and combination。Wash your hands with water first、Noodles，Then Fu Yaowan decoration also。"But，The use case in the book is not a typical case of "facial cleansement"。Besides，This book has been modified many times by future generations，It is difficult to distinguish between the times。Ru Yu Jiaxi mentioned in the bet365 Play online games "Siku Timination": "This book has repeatedly recovered the gain of future generations，Repeated disability，To Foot Xi also。"The more reliable early Chinese land literature use case is" Qi Min Yao Shu "Volume 5:" Night -boiled fine bran soup，Wipe dry，Pharmaceutical painting，Soft hands and slippery，Winter Buy。"According to Miao Qiyue's" Qi Min Yao Xue School Interpretation ":，92 articles，Written from the 1960s and 1940s。"So，The combination of "washing"+"face" was generated from 530-540 AD。

But from the perspective of the Chinese translation of the Buddhist scriptures，This conclusion is too late to generate time。Actually，In the translation of the Scriptures as early as the Six Dynasties，"Washing" is more common，Such as the "Bodhisattva Bodhisattva Seeking the Buddhist Scriptures" Volume 1: "When the Bodhisattva was cleaned，Thoughts: ‘Everyone in the world is made into the Buddhist scriptures，Noodles Mo Ling Flawed。'"According to Tang Mingzhang and others, the" Bodhisattva Bodhisattva "was introduced:" "Bodhisattva Seeking the Buddhist Division" volume ...，Out of "Long House Record"。"Taikang" is the year number of Emperor Jinwu Sima Yan，that is, 280-289 AD。other，There are many other examples of examples。

So，With the help of translation literature，We can take "washing"+"face" to express the concept of "face washing" around 250 years in advance。

The evolution of the concept expression of the "belly" can also be advanced by the Chinese translation of the Buddhist scriptures。The word "belly" originally expressed "stomach" in ancient Chinese，Such as "Guangya · Shi Qin" pointed out，"Stomach's belly"。But in modern Mandarin，"Belly" is already "belly"。So，When does the "belly" have the semantics of "belly"? The earliest example of "Chinese Dictionary" is "Beginning" Volume Nineteen Guidance Han Liu Xiang "Biography of Girls and Qi Zhongli Spring"bet365 live casino games : "Caval deep eyes，Long belly big festival。3586_3621，Because of the "Beltin" of "Biography of the Line" ‘Finger’。"The more reliable use cases in Middle -earth literature later are Sui Chao Yuanfang's" General Theory of the Source of the Diseases "Vol.饱 讫 讫 腹，First of all in the intestine，Frequently need to eat on both hands and rear hands with knees left and right，欹 body，The belly is forward，Beltic belly，Left 37, right, two -seven, turn around and press the waist ridge ... "In this medical book，"Belly" often use it in succession，"Belly" should be "belly" meaning。But the medical books are mostly modified afterwards，It is not necessarily reliable，More reliable use cases may be the Tang Dynasty use case mentioned by Wang Wehui。

According to Wang Weihui research，"In the Chinese Land Literature before the Sui Dynasty，Not many examples of ‘belly’，and most of them refer to ‘Stomach’ ”，"The situation of translating the Buddhist scriptures in the first Tang Dynasty is different，‘belly’ characters are more than Chinese soil literature，It is quite common for the meaning of ‘belly’ righteousness ”。Such as the Yuanwei Prajna Side Translation "Dharma Classics" Volume 6: "... and Bi Tiemi，There is a hell person in the body's belly named Fireman。… There is iron，Its body is great，There is a fireman in the belly of the other，Swallow it，Swallow it。Bi Hell people enter the belly，is the fire man;。"Tang Zhisheng's" Kaiyuan Interpretation Record "mentioned that the" Dharma Dharma Scripture "was translated in" Xinghe first year "，that is, 549 AD，Nearly 70 years from the Tang Dynasty，Even the Sui Dali years when the theory of "General Source of the Diseases" was nearly 60 years。

Visible，With the help of translation literature，We can take the "belly" and "abdomen" meaning of six or seventy years in advance。

　　Chinese translation Buddhist scriptures can also provide important supplementary documents

When studying common words，Sometimes the word or its combination is first seen in Middle -earth literature，But after a long time, it disappeared from the Chinese and Turkish literature。So，Is the early use case reliable? in addition，Too few early use cases also affect the comprehensiveness of research to a certain extent。Han translation Buddhist scriptures often provide us with a lot of supplementary evidence。Examples of the concept of "laundry" and the concept of "foot washing" here。

Chinese expression "laundry" concept，The earliest "Huanyan" was used，Later, it is mainly expressed in "Heroes"。So，When the combination of "washing"+"clothing" in modern Chinese is produced，What are the early use of the early use? After investigation，We found that "laundry" was first seen in "Qi Min Yao Shu"。Before the Sui Dynasty，A total of 19 cases of "washing"+"clothing"，But there are only 1 reliable use case in Chinese land literature，"Qi Min Yao Shu" Volume 5: "Take the juice with soup，Early，juice is pure thick and too，Killing Flower，Not using it，Only washing ... "Other use cases are found in the translation literature，Sui Sui Na Na Na's multi -translation "Buddhist Journal Sutra" Volume 32: "The second stone，Washing dung and sweeping clothes，Emperor Shi Tianwang's handwater。The third stone，Laundry 讫，It is intended to expose to dry。"If there is no translation literature，The "laundry" in "Qi Min Yao Shu" may be an orphan example，The conclusions obtained according to the lonely case are not reliable，So，"Washing"+"clothing" combination may be postponed until the Sui and Tang dynasties。

In addition to the era of "washing"+"clothing" in advance，Translation literature is also important for studying the early regional differences of "washing"+"clothing" combination。Bet365 app download It is checked，These 19 early use cases are more common in the author or translator of the northern dialect background，This means that this combination was mainly used in the northern dialects in the early days。To the Tang Dynasty，This combination is mainly seen in the translation of Tang poetry and monks' righteousness。Yijing is a northerner，The combination of "washing"+"clothing" in Tang poetry is also more common in the northern author's pen，According to this, it can be judged，"Washing"+"clothing" combination is still mainly used in the northern dialects in the Tang Dynasty。

Another example is the evolution of the concept expression of the concept of "foot washing"。In the article "Lack of the Conceptual expression of" Washing of Foot ""，We can see，One of the expression of the concept of "foot washing" "Wash the foot" was first seen in the Chinese Chinese Classics，But less use cases，The Chinese Land Literature in the Jin Dynasty still has only 4 cases。If you simply rely on these Chinese Land Documents，We will think that "foot washing" has no development，At that time, the Chinese still used the traditional "feet" to express the concept of "foot washing"。But in the translation literature，There are more than 160 cases of "washing"+"foot" in the Jin Dynasty，and rare "濯 foot" in the translation of the scriptures。Combined with the situation of "washing feet" in important documents such as translation，We can judge that "foot washing" has actually become the most important way to express the concept of "foot washing" in the Eastern Han Dynasty，To the Jin Dynasty，This advantage is further strengthened。As Chinese replaces the development of "feet" with "feet"，"Washing your feet" is replaced by "washing your feet" again。The translation literature of the Six Dynasties also provides the earliest evidence of "foot washing" in the earliest large -scale use。

　　(This article is the key project of the National Social Science Fund "Research on the Research on the Chinese Fiction and the Compilation of the Middle Chinese Virtual Ci Dictionary" (18AY020) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of International Culture and Education, Nanjing Normal University)