Acknowledge and respect the right to learn and use your own language for individuals or specific people，and solidify and implement it in the form of legal or rules，In the past three decades, it has developed into a professional research field and a theme discussion internationally。This discourse system constructed by related discussions is still expanding，Occupy the core position in the western social linguistic and public discussions，Even Western scholars believe that the language policy based on rights is replacing traditional language planning。Under the international environment of academic discourse today，We should strengthen their research and observe Chinese tone and national conditions with independent attitude，Avoid wrapped in Western central discourse。

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In the West，The concept of language rights is mainly due to rapid development after the 1990s，Have a certain reality and theoretical background。There are two main backgrounds: one is the disappearance of language and species extinction that occurs in large -scale worldwide; the other is that language problems have caused fierce contradictions in Western political life，If the violent national conflict appeared in Central and Eastern European countries and the resistance of immigration groups in various countries。The theoretical background can also be attributed to two: one is the rise of multiculturalism，Promote "the prosperity of different groups in culture and material"; the second is the development of human rights thinking，The sharp increase in human rights status、Core demands from freedom to equal rights, etc.。

The demonstration of the concept of "language rights" in the Western bet365 best casino games academic community is mainly under the perspective of ecological concept and human rights outlook.。The theoretical foundation of the former comes from ecological linguistics: First, the similar ratio of the living environment of the language with the ecological environment of biological species，Putting a variety of ecology is more dynamic; the second is to connect the disappearance of language with ecological deterioration，It is believed that the protection language can improve the ecological environment。The importance of launching language diversity，Then the launch of endangered language should enjoy the right to be protected。The latter's argument is based on the human rights principle of "equality and non -discrimination"，It aims to prove language rights into a basic human rights。There are two different routes: First, the generalist route，Putting language is a personal core identity characteristics，It is the basic right to enjoy everyone; the second is the "minority" right line，Putting language as a decisive core identity characteristics of the "minority" group，It is an important support for its identity，It should be specially protected。The two demonstration routes of the human rights view reflect the difference between the protection of individualism and collectivism rights，That is to protect language rights through personal rights or collective rights。It is generally believed that collective rights are more active protection，But the collectivism here obviously does not think from the national level，but from a small group、Small collective considerations。When different small groups，or when there is competition or contradiction between the small group and the large group，Then you need to negotiate in line with democratic procedures。

The connotation of the concept of "language rights" has not been fully established bet365 Play online games internationally to date，In the subject of rights、No conclusion on core issues such as the content and obligation subject。The subject of rights should be the language itself，But not yet included dialects; from the perspective of human rights view, it should be a language user，Have two dimensions of personal and collective。The content of the right is generally divided into tolerance and promoting rights，is the right of non -interference and the right to get positive support。The focus of the current controversy is the promotion right of collective dimension，That is, ethnic groups are educating、Administrative、Media and other public domains use their language rights。Obligation subject can be a minority language user，But the user of the mainstream language in the same community should also bear the corresponding responsibility，As far as organizers are concerned, it is generally believed that the government should bear more responsibilities。

The positioning of language rights in the legal framework also has controversy。The existing international law framework does not recognize the independent position of language rights，Can only be given indirect protection through relevant laws。Some people think in the academic community，Language rights are a kind of talent right that does not prove itself，That is a basic human rights，It should be confirmed in international law; some people point out，Language rights are a specific right，It is the application of the principle of human rights in specific situations，The use of existing human rights law is sufficient to protect。There are also opinions thinking，Language rights issues are essentially political issues，Incorporating language rights into the human rights framework will cut off the retreat of political solution，Therefore, no human rights path。

Given that the language carries important political bet365 best casino games and economic value，Pocket contact with national identity，The topic of language rights is often instructed: the government of the nation and the country depends on domestic political needs，Use it as a ethical conflict、Against the means of maintaining the country recognition of ethnic minorities in the country。

　　The language rights of Western countries are far from perfect

The United Nations actively calls on countries to protect and promote the language of ethnic minorities in the country，Some UN experts also point out，This should be used as a human rights obligation; but in view of the sensitivity of rights topics and national issues，Considering the operability of actual execution，The work of the United Nations is basically under the goal of promoting cultural diversity，Rare use of language rights as an independent concept。The United Nations has not been able to pass an international declaration of language rights today，I just passed the "Declaration of World Culture Diversity" (2001)。The first World Language Resources Protection Conference held by the United Nations in my country in 2019 and the "Yuelu Declaration" passed by it，It is also based on the theme of "protecting language diversity"。

Europe passed the "European Region or Ethical Language Charter" (1992) and the "European Protection Ethnic Framework Convention" (1994)，Established one of the most complete regional systems on the protection of ethnic minority language rights in the world。However, even in Europe，Due to extremely sensitive national problems，And the "minority" and the "minority" in the nation often coincide，Therefore, the European Commission and the European Union and other regional international organizations are more cautious about the handling of language rights。The protection of "regional and ethnic minority languages" in specific work is part of the protection of human bet365 Play online games rights work，But in the formal documents and public publicity, the main discourse is based on promoting cultural diversity，Carefully avoid recognition of language rights as a human right。"European Region or Ethical Language Charter" clearly proposes the rights that do not involve any relevant person，The protection goal is language rather than language users，excluding dialect，Prerequisites for not endangering the status of official language。Regional international organizations led by Western European countries adopt this political strategy，On the one hand, it is to avoid unpredictable consequences to avoid the combination of language problems and national problems，On the other hand, it can request that Central and Eastern European countries implement strict standards for ethnic minority protection，But do not set the obligation that cannot be got rid of it for yourself。

Still in Europe as an example，Governments of various countries have accepted multiple cultural ideas to a certain extent，Promote the diversity of language，But most countries have not abandoned the maintenance of "one country、A language "language pattern。For example, France has not yet signed the Convention on the Framework of the Ethnic Minority of Europe，It has not been approved "European Region or the Charter of the Ethnic Minority Language"。In the Central and Eastern European regions，Although countries have established a complete legal framework on the protection of the language of ethnic minorities under the pressure of Western countries，But in fact the government cannot allocate enough social resources for the full implementation of relevant laws。and in the United States、​​Add、Australia and other immigration countries，All measures adopted with explicit or hidden measures to ensure the absolute advantage of English，Restricted policies for the language bet365 best casino games rights of Aboriginal people。For example, Arizona in the United States implements one of the most stringent language education policies in the United States，Promoting English education，Some areas of the state are an important part of the reserved place of the Navajo tribe。

　　Construct a language right protection system with Chinese characteristics

Overall，Language rights are derivatives of a Western central discourse system，At present, it is not very clear in terms of specific connotation and legal status。my country's academic community must not be visible to this，No need to be blindly sought after，Study in this field should be strengthened，In -depth understanding of its theoretical claims and gains and losses in practice。

Chinese scholars do related research，Pay attention to some points: First, although the language rights and discourse paradigms have been actively supported by international organizations such as the United Nations，But so far, it has not been incorporated into an international legal document with an independent concept，It is even recognized as a form of soft law (such as international declarations); the second is to pay attention to promoting Mandarin in our context and the right to protect language.，In fact, learning official language is one of the earliest core contents of the concept of language rights，and the vast majority of European countries have basically completed the popularity of official language among the ethnic groups in the 20th century; the third is that the concept of ethnic minority language protection concept based on the principle of "national equality" is not only related to the Western language rights system. compatible，And in moral standards and historical practice, it is more advanced than Western countries。We should strengthen the construction of our own theoretical system，Forms a language rights system that conforms to the interests of the Bet365 lotto review people of all ethnic groups in my country，Promote the healthy development of Chinese language life and social harmony。

　　(Author Unit: College of Foreign Languages ​​from Yangzhou University)