The reconstruction bet365 tennis bet early history bet365 tennis bet Sino-Tibetan language family is one bet365 tennis bet current issues of concern in the field of historical comparative linguistics，Due to the distribution of Sino-Tibetan speaking people in East Asia、Many ethnic groups in Southeast Asia live together in various places，Frequent language contact，Horizontal diffusion and vertical genetic mixing of language traits，The relationship between Sino-Tibetan language genealogy and early differentiation is still controversial。

　　Linguistic evidence and bet365 tennis bet studies complement each other

It can be said that a hundred schools of thought contend on the issue of genealogical classification of Sino-Tibetan languages。The current mainstream classification view in domestic and foreign academic circles is the two branches bet365 tennis bet Sino-Tibetan language family, Chinese and Tibeto-Burman, supported by core vocabulary consistency。This view is also supported by recent evolutionary linguistics research，Fudan University Jinli Team、List team of French Oriental Linguistics Research Center and University College London H. Zhang et al. used Bayesian phylogenetic method，Calculate the genealogical classification of Sino-Tibetan languages ​​using different cognate word databases，And constructed a language genealogy tree model。

In the above study，Although there are inconsistencies on the specific location and time of differentiation，However, the overall trend of language evolution tends to believe that Chinese was the first to separate from the Sino-Tibetan language family，The initial differentiation time was 5900 years ago、7200 and 8000 years。On the study bet365 tennis bet population, the carrier of language evolution，Three research teams all believe that the early millet and millet agricultural people in the Yellow River Basin can be regarded as the original Sino-Tibetan people，And confirm the rationality bet365 tennis bet origin and differentiation time by corresponding to the expansion time bet365 tennis bet early millet and millet agricultural people and the time nodes bet365 tennis bet evolution of Sino-Tibetan language in my own research。

　　“Farming-Language Family Theory” guides interdisciplinary integration research in the bet365 tennis bet department

The early differentiation of languages ​​involves archaeological culture and population studies，A major hotspot in the study bet365 tennis bet origin bet365 tennis bet Sino-Tibetan language family through the integration of linguistics and archeology，is an exploration bet365 tennis bet origin bet365 tennis bet original Sino-Tibetan speaking people related to the agricultural culture in the Neolithic Age in East Asia under the guidance bet365 tennis bet "Language-Farming Model"。Linguists generally believe that the origin bet365 tennis bet Sino-Tibetan language family is closely related to the origin of agriculture，There are mainly two views: the northern origin hypothesis and the southwest origin hypothesis。The northern origin hypothesis believes that the earliest expansion of Sino-Tibetan language and its people occurred 6000-4000 years ago，Related to the population expansion bet365 tennis bet northern millet and millet agricultural culture Yangshao Culture or Majiayao Culture in the Middle Neolithic。The southwest origin hypothesis believes that the early expansion of Sino-Tibetan language occurred 9,000 years ago，Originated from southwest Sichuan or northeastern India。

In the study bet365 tennis bet substitution of "farming-language family theory" into the construction of Sino-Tibetan language genealogy，The aforementioned List team introduced cognate words related to early agriculture and animal husbandry domestication such as “millet”, “pig”, “sheep”, “rice”, “cattle” and “horse” for analysis，Discovered that cognate words such as "millet", "millet", "rice", "pig" and "sheep" played an important role in the early expansion of Sino-Tibetan language，Most of these cognate words are related to the early millet and millet agricultural archaeological culture in northern China。And，The team also connected the origin bet365 tennis bet language family with the late Cishan Culture and early Yangshao Culture people based on the calculated differentiation time，The place where Sino-Tibetan language first differentiated was determined to be North China，Consistent with the hypothesis bet365 tennis bet northern origin bet365 tennis bet Sino-Tibetan language family。In addition，We also identified cognate words related to agriculture and animal husbandry such as "rice", "cow", "horse", "wheat" and "barley", which appeared for the first time in the Sino-Tibetan language family after the separation of Chinese from Sino-Tibetan。Researchers believe that this phenomenon reflects the first differentiation of Sino-Tibetan languages，Language contact between the original Sino-Tibetan speaking people and surrounding groups when they expanded westward and southward。

Based on archaeological evidence，From western Gansu to eastern Shandong including eastern Inner Mongolia、North China、Central Plains、Remains of primitive millet and millet agriculture have been found in early and middle Neolithic sites in Guanzhong, Longxi and other areas，The Cishan Culture also discovered a large amount of cultivated millet，This shows the important position of millet and millet agriculture in the subsistence economy。Subsequently in the middle reaches bet365 tennis bet Yellow River Basin, the Peiligang Culture、Various types of Yangshao culture developed on the basis bet365 tennis bet middle Neolithic culture represented by Baijia culture and Cishan culture，Inherited the agricultural tradition of millet and millet。By the late Neolithic Age, when the Yangshao Culture Miaodigou type moved westward to form the Majiayao Culture，The tool sets and pottery assemblages have reached as far as northwest Yunnan，Xinguang Site in Yongping County, Dali、Binchuan County Baiyang Village Site、Caiyuanzi and Mopandi ruins in Yongren County, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture、Dadunzi ruins in Yuanmou County, etc.，You can see the double-hole stone knife unique to the Majiayao culture，And the economy is based on millet、Millet、Rice-based mixed agriculture。Han Jianye believes that this route represents the southern branch bet365 tennis bet "Painted Pottery Road" for the expansion of Majiayao culture，The area involved in this expansion branch is also consistent with the distribution area of ​​modern Tibeto-Burman speaking people，Reflects the southward expansion trend bet365 tennis bet original Sino-Tibetan speaking people。Another southward expansion branch, the South Road and North Branch, reflects the process of people moving towards the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，The Zongri culture, which is closely related to the Majiayao type, was formed in eastern Gansu。In addition，Remains of domesticated wheat have been found in the Majiayao Culture Machang type period 4000 years ago，Perhaps influenced by the spread of wheat eastward during the process of "Food Globalization in Prehistory"，It is also mutually supported by the linguistic time nodes for the emergence of agriculture-related cognate words such as "wheat" and "barley" mentioned above。

　　Ancient and modern genomics verifies “bet365 tennis bet”

Integrated research on archeology and linguistics in the Sino-Tibetan language family supports the hypothesis that the spread of millet and millet agricultural people in the north promoted the evolution of Sino-Tibetan language，But the research on the population of language carriers does not have good discrimination。Cultural diffusion and population migration are the two main concepts in explaining cultural changes in archaeology，There are also various explanations in the study bet365 tennis bet early evolution bet365 tennis bet Sino-Tibetan language family。The progress of genetics technology and its application in the study of population origins and migration，Provides direct evidence for researchers to explore the hypothesis of archaeological cultural changes and language evolution at the level of population genetic structure。

In the study of paternal Y chromosome DNA，Haplogroup Oα-F5 and its branches appear frequently in modern Chinese and Tibeto-Burman speaking populations，Considered to be related to the expansion of agricultural people (original Sino-Tibetan people) in the middle and upper reaches bet365 tennis bet Yellow River in the Neolithic Age，The age of its expansion is estimated to be 5800 years ago；And the higher frequency of haplogroup D-M174 in modern Tibeto-Burman speakers on the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas may reflect genetic mixing from early hunter-gatherer populations on the Tibetan Plateau。In addition，Haplogroup Oγ-F11 and its branches, which are more frequent in northern Chinese-speaking people, appear less frequently in modern Tibeto-Burman speaking people，Genetically supports the early separation of Chinese in the Sino-Tibetan language family，After the differentiation of Chinese and Tibeto-Burman，The Chinese-speaking people in the north are also less involved in the formation process bet365 tennis bet Tibeto-Burman speaking people。Recent maternal mitochondrial DNA research shows，Haplogroups A11a1a and M9a1a1c1b1a, which are widely distributed among modern Tibetan people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, can be traced back to the northern millet and millet farming people represented by the Yangshao Culture and Majiayao Culture，The differentiation time calculated based on mitochondrial DNA genetic variation data reached the highest proportion among the Tibetan population in 3300 years ago。This research result is consistent with Chen Fahu’s team’s analysis of animal and plant remains from the Late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The agricultural technological innovations 3,600 years ago prompted humans to permanently settle in the high-altitude areas bet365 tennis bet Tibetan Plateau on a large scale. The same view，And further confirmed the important genetic contribution bet365 tennis bet millet and millet populations in the Yellow River Basin to the barley farming populations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau。

In recent years，With the leap-forward development of paleogenomic technology，Researchers can extract DNA from ancient human remains at archaeological sites to conduct comparative analysis with modern groups，There is direct evidence bet365 tennis bet genetic homology of modern Chinese and Tibeto-Burman speaking populations。Shimao in the Yellow River Basin from the Neolithic Age to the Iron Age、Qijia、Ancient DNA analysis of human bone samples from more than ten sites in the Yangshao and Longshan cultural periods confirmed the genetic continuity of agricultural populations in the middle and late Neolithic Age in the middle and upper reaches bet365 tennis bet Yellow River Basin，This population with continuous genetic characteristics is consistent with the Yangshao culture and the westward expansion process of its population observed in archaeological culture。The Neolithic agricultural people in the middle and upper reaches bet365 tennis bet Yellow River made a large amount of genetic contributions to modern Chinese and Tibeto-Burman people，Is the common ancestor group of Chinese and Tibeto-Burman speaking people，This is consistent with the linguistic and archaeological inference that the millet and millet agricultural people in the Yellow River Basin are the original Sino-Tibetan people。The above-mentioned ancient DNA genome-wide studies verify the northern origin hypothesis bet365 tennis bet original Sino-Tibetan people，And the important role bet365 tennis bet Tibetan-Yi Corridor, a north-south passage on the eastern edge bet365 tennis bet Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in the formation and differentiation bet365 tennis bet Tibeto-Burman speaking population。

Integrated Linguistics、New trends in interdisciplinary research on the Sino-Tibetan language family of archeology and genetics，Related research work for researchers，Especially explore the early evolution of Sino-Tibetan language in the prehistoric period, which lacks historical documentation, and the process of migration and integration bet365 tennis bet original Sino-Tibetan speaking people with surrounding populations，Provides a more comprehensive view。With the development of next-generation sequencing technology, we can observe the genetic relationships and mixing ratios of ancient and modern populations from the whole genome level，Combining the evolutionary model of language genealogy with the correlation between archaeological culture and its remains，Be able to better explore the origins of people horizontally and vertically、Migration and hybrid models。

　(This article is part bet365 tennis bet EU ERC major project "Language and Population Mixing in Gansu and Qinghai Region" (ERC-2019-AdG, 883700-TRAM) phased results)

(Author’s unit: Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen bet365 tennis bet)