The evolution of the language can be examined from two perspectives，One is the duration and development of language，The other is the acquisition and development of children's language。Once these two perspectives are combined to consider，It can be found that there is a parallelism and correlation between the language evolution at the two dimensions。As early as 1880，The German new grammar linguist, H. Paul, is in his monograph Prinzipien Der Sprachgeschte ("Principles of Language History"，English translation names of the history of laanguage) pointed out the correlation between the two。From the 1970s，Scholars of the Seeds Site School based on principles and parameters theory，Effective combination of two perspectives conducted in -depth research on cross -viewing angle，Rudford (D. W. Lightfoot) and I. Roberts。At present, there are many such types of such cross -viewing language evolution research。

The study of Chinese history and Chinese duration has always had a deep foundation，Chinese children's language obtaining research has also developed rapidly and fruitful in recent years。But，At present, there are few studies that have been closely integrated with the language of Chinese with children's language。Chinese source far flowing，provides rich materials and data for the development and development of language duration; and research perspectives of Chinese children's language gain、Description and analysis of theoretical tools and related data，It can provide strong support for the duration of Chinese duration.。Ancient Chinese represents a development stage of Chinese，Modern Chinese also represents a development stage of Chinese。will be in ancient bet365 best casino games Chinese、The two language development stages represented by modern Chinese are two different periods of language gain and development，Can help us observe and fully understand the language facts of Chinese，and from it, the development trend and even law of ancient and modern Chinese。Establishment of children's language to be studied is a vertical development model，The goal of the Research Research of Ancient and Modern Chinese is also to find a vertical development mode。Just change the perspective，Different stages of individual development can be regarded as epitome at different stages of historical development。Therefore，Discovery in the study of children's language may provide a applicable perspective for the duration of language。

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There are many ways differences between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese。These differences are not only found in specific sentence patterns and structures，It is also reflected in the two -person syntax structure level system。​​Now take several important functional categories as an example，Briefly introduce the summary of the structure level of ancient and modern Chinese sentences。

Chinese is a language with rich sentences and words，This is the case in ancient and modern times。Whether ancient and modern Chinese，Speaking words are all prominent categories: on the one hand，The same tone can be expressed with different tone words; on the other hand，The same tone words can express different tone。Comparison of comparison，An old Chinese sentence -end -language style system may be more developed than modern Chinese，Because the sentences of ancient Chinese in ancient Chinese can not only use two consecutive consecutive，Even three companies can be used，More types of use，The restrictions you have suffered more loose。

Chinese is a recognized topic of prominent language。Ancient and modern Chinese are favored by topic sentences to express，And there are bet365 Play online games fixed positions in the way、Topic mark with high frequency，"The person in ancient Chinese、Ye "，"What about modern Chinese、What is the mark。

Ancient and modern Chinese all have a specific means of expressing the focus of expression。In ancient Chinese, there are "only ... yes ..." and "Wei ..." The focus sentence，and the focus sentence marked by "Zhi"，In addition, you can also form a comparison focus sentence by adjusting the order; and modern Chinese also has "yes、Just、Only "and other labeled focal sentences and comparison focus sentences。

Recommended body appearance，The body appearance of modern Chinese marks "" and "over" and "" is the focus of modern Chinese research、Hot spots and difficulties。Studies on these body appearance marks are very rich，This shows that the significant degree of body appearance marked in modern Chinese。But，Ancient Chinese does not seem to be identified as a component that can be identified as a body.，or because of this，Studies on the appearance of ancient Chinese body appearance are very little，and related studies are mostly points for the end。It may be analyzed in ancient Chinese as the deficiency of the body "矣"，but actually，"矣" does not meet the judgment criteria of the physical label。First，"矣" Fixed appears at the end of the sentence (remove the reverse sentence)，instead of attached to the predicate verb; second，"矣" is not the completion of the incident fixedly。"矣" can not be compared with the "" (and "passing" and "") of modern Chinese。In view of this，We think，In ancient Chinese, it has not yet developed the category of body appearance。

Situations also show obvious ancient and modern differences。The word item of "energy、will、can ", etc.，In fact, there is still a fixed and high -frequency real word usage，No grammaticalization into a functional category。Regardless of the performance of the sentence or the position of the sentence，None of these words can bet365 live casino games be analyzed as a grammatical sense category。The situation of modern Chinese is different，I have rich levels、Semantic Monthly Motential Category，"You can、Will、energy "and other grammatical degree is high、Sentences with high positions in the sentence help verb。

Chinese does not have a grammatical tense category，This is a common understanding of the academic community，And there is no component that can be defined as in the category of ancient and modern Chinese。Modern Chinese has a body with a body and no paralityized tense，Is the consensus of grammar research。A few scholars point out that the "矣" of ancient Chinese may be regarded as a tense mark，But as described above，"矣" is a tone word fixed at the end of the sentence，does not characterize time information，Judgment criteria that does not meet the tense mark。In recent years, some scholars have focused on analyzing the "Lord Poetry" structure of ancient Chinese，It is believed that "the main predicate" is a non -fixed sentence with "Zhi" as an informal mark。If this analysis is correct，So，The functional category of time expressed in ancient Chinese is about only one non -fixed mark or informal feature。

　　Getting the evolution of structural level from children's language

above describes ancient Chinese、Understanding of modern Chinese sentence structure hierarchical system，and focus on comparing the functional category in the structure level of ancient and modern Chinese sentences。So，What should we look at the evolution and development of the structure level of ancient and modern Chinese sentences? How to explain the commonality and significant differences in the structure level system of ancient and modern Chinese sentences?，It can provide us with feasible ideas -explore the evolution and development of the structure of ancient and modern Chinese sentences from the acquisition and development of the structure of the children's sentence。

According to Hu Jianhua's point of view，The growth of the structure of the Bet365 app download children's sentence (or it can be visually metaphorized as "the growth of the children's sentence tree")，Follow the reality and then deficiency、Bidirectional Growth Model。​​During the structure level of the syntax，The Supreme Martial Arts layer is involved in the expression of the speaker's subjective world，It is virtual;，It is real; and the folding layer in the middle is subjective and objective intercourse，Responsible for positioning time，or modification、Limited event。The two -way growth mode is considered to be real sentence structure and false sentence structure.，At the same time, the middle zone of the syntax tree grows; in the internal structure of the syntax，The more realistic the ingredients grow earlier，Internal internal structure of the sentence，The more virtual ingredients grow earlier。

The category of tone、Topics category、Focus category, etc., is the expression of the speaker's subjective attitude，The highest level of the structure of the sentence; and the real word layer of the objective event of a representative object of verbs and nouns，The lowest level of the structure of the sentence structure。"I", "", "Pass"，and the category of the situation and tense，It is used to modify、Function category of limited events or positioning time，The flexion layer of the middle level of the structure of the syntax structure。From the perspective of the language development data we collected，The earliest child obtained by children was the lowest level of the structure of the sentence -real word layer，and the highest level of the structure of the sentence -tone layer，The acquisition of the folding layer in the middle is after the obtaining of the previous two，And this order of gain will not be upside down。From this view of the syntax structure level of ancient and modern Chinese，It can be found that the evolution and development of the structure level of the Chinese syntax also follows the two -way development mode of the two ends of the two ends bet365 live casino games of the two ends in the middle of the solid structure with the lowest structure of the clause structure，The development of the structure level of ancient and modern Chinese sentences is reflected in the richness and expansion of the intermediate folding layer。

The real word layer is a representative objective world、Build the basis of the sentence of the proposition，Needless to say，Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese have mature and developed real words and tone layers。The folding layer in the middle of the real word layer and the tone layer，The key to the duration and development of the structure of the Chinese syntax structure。The folding layer of ancient Chinese is in a very underdeveloped state，Neither developing the category of body appearance，There is no development of the category，It may have only one informal mark。Comparison of comparison，The flexion layer of modern Chinese is much rich。Modern Chinese not only has the category of appearance with "着", "", "over"，and have rich levels、Semantic Monthly Motential Category。and modern Chinese do not have a real category category，But you can use the appearance to indicate the relative time。

To sum up，Differences of the structure level of ancient and modern Chinese syntax are concentrated in the middle of the middle flexion layer，The development of the structure of the Chinese sentence method is also concentrated as the richness and extension of the folding layer。Research perspective from the language of children's language，It can make a reasonable explanation of the differences in the structure level of ancient and modern Chinese sentences through the two -way growth mode and its evolution and development laws。Research by children's language is focusing on studying the language development of individuals，The study of the evolution of the language is focusing on the development of the language of the group or species。Research the evolution and development of the two perspectives to combine the two perspectives，Help further examine the development of human language and reveal the nature of human language。

　　(This article is the "Psychological Linguistics -Language and Development of Language" Special Disciplines)

(Author Unit: Institute of Language Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)