my country's popular science translation practice is roughly began in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China。In this special historical change period，Popular science translation presents distinctive features，Give play to unique features，Build a beautiful landscape in the history of Chinese translation。

　　Bet365 app download  

Western social science masterpiece translated by Yan Fu et al.，During the special historical period of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, it played a huge scientific popularization role，It is an important popular science translation result in this period。Yan Fu has graduated from Fujian Shipping School and the Royal Navy Academy，After returning to China in 1879, I was in the back of the Fuzhou Shipping School、The driving school of Beiyang Marine Division Academy is a teaching school，Cultivated the first batch of naval talents in modern China。Just one year later，He is committed to doing newspaper and translation work。You can see，He believes that engaging in handling and translation work，Introduce Western democracy and science，Propaganda Victoria's New Reform Thought，It is more conducive to service for saving the country and saving the people。To some extent，Starting from the actual needs of society，Carried out real science popularization work。

Strictly set a specific target reader group，Carefully select translation originally。The target reader he set is the scholar of China，I hope these scholars learn from the western social science ideas and support the change of Favorite from the translation。Therefore，He selects those masterpieces that can guide people to promote bet365 best casino games social transformation into Chinese.。He translates Huxley's "Theory of Heaven" into Chinese，Serialized on the newspaper from 1896-1898，After publishing a single book。1901-1909，He has translated and published "Yuanfu" of Yada Smith (Adam Smith)，Spencer's "Group Scholarship" ("Sociology Research")，John Mueller's "Groups of Power" ("On Freedom")、"Mueller Famous" ("Logic System")，"Social Interpretation" ("History of Political History")，Montesquien's "Law" ("The Spirit of the Law")，Jefang's "Famous Scholarship" ("Logic Introduction"), etc.。

In order to make the translation cater to the reading taste of the doctor，Yan Fu deliberately used the most influential prose genre of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty -Tongcheng School of ancient literary tailor to present a translation，Elected words in the translation、Sentences and aesthetic levels try to "reach the purpose"。He deliberately chose the word "elegant" to translate the vocabulary。For example，He translates "sociology" into "group learning"，It is translated from Xunzi's view of "people's livelihood"。In terms of sentences and aesthetics，His "Full text forever，Fusion in the heart，Then write the word，Mutual Reserve "。His translation sentences are short and smart，Strong sense of rhythm，Get rid of the original sentence structure，presents the beauty of rhetoric that conforms to the reading psychology of the scholars。Later generations often call Yan Fu's translation as "translation"，That is, his translation is not pure literal translation，Instead, there are comments、There is a play。In his representative translation work "Heaven Performance"，"Language", "Translation", "Annotation" can be seen everywhere，Warning to the reader's self -improvement of self -improvement will be destroyed by the country。For example，When he just bet365 best casino games mentioned the term "material competition" in his translation，In the form of "language", the ins and outs of this term。

Yan Fu's translation is a popular science propaganda that affects huge。He systematically western sociology、Political Science、Introduction to philosophy and natural sciences to China，New concepts that have been generally understood by the people in the West、New information introduces China。His translation is far -reaching，Enlightenment and educating a generation of Chinese，The purpose of reaching the science translation text given by the times: drum people、Civilian Zhi、Xinmin De、Self -improvement and self -reliance、Call for rescue diagram。His translation of "Heaven Performance" has the greatest influence，Thought for China、Culture、Language and other aspects have had a huge impact。After the release of "Theory of Heaven"，More than 30 different versions have been released in just 10 years。The book advocated in the book "Steel competition and heaven，Survival of the fittest，Not only does it cause a strong vibration of the Chinese ideological industry，and became the most active words in newspapers and periodicals at that time, and even the mantra of the whole society。At the same time，Yan Fu's translation also made major changes in ancient Tongcheng ancient literary tailor in China at the time。The characteristics of the ancient text of the Tongcheng Pai are the properness of Dingxu、fluency and clear、Sigh to the world、Details、Sigh to the world。But Yan Fu’s translation has not fallen into the ancient text of Tongcheng School，Instead of revolutionary innovation characteristics。Yan Fu translated the "language", "translation", "pinching", etc.，Clearly and strongly show my understanding of the social reality at that time，Expressing your own philosophical thoughts and political Bet365 lotto review views。Popularity translated by Yan Fu，To a certain extent, it has also promoted the change of ancient literary tailoring of Tongcheng School，I contributed to the prosperity and development of Chinese literature and physicalology。

　Publishing Popular Popularization Translation 

The earliest Chinese newspapers in modern China are the "East and West Examinations Monthly" in 1833，Later, there are "Tarry Guan Zhen" (1853)、"Liuhe Cong Tan" (1857)、"Chinese and Foreign New News" (1858)、"Bulletin" (1868)、"Records of Chinese and Western News" (1872)、"Report" (1872)、"Oriental Magazine" (1904), etc.。These newspapers and periodicals will publish some popular science compilation articles since the founding。

Some newspapers are published only textbooks。Popular science compilation articles in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China，There are characteristics such as "miscellaneous", "new", "use"。Compiled articles with complicated content，Including the establishment of the Nobel Prize、North and South Pole Adventure Activities, etc.，A wide knowledge involved，Almost most disciplines involved in natural science，such as physical、Chemistry、Biological、Medicine、Agriculture、Geography、astronomy, etc.。At that time, China's science and technology were relatively backward，Many things in the West are unheard of for the Chinese people、I have never seen。So the science popularization articles at that time paid more attention to the practicality of the content，Especially to solve the actual needs of the country。At that time，The Qing government suffers from the suffering of Western ships and fires，Urgent need to understand the structure and response strategies of the intensive cannon。"Current Affairs News" and other newspapers will compile、I published many articles in military technology，Ruki Laosan Blind、Testing of the cannon bet365 Play online games line mirror、German new battle guns、New Gun、Dechuang Wind Boat、Trial cannonball wear force, etc.。

Other newspapers and magazines spread technology news in the form of pictures，Welcome to readers。"Children's Monthly" founded in 1875 has a greater impact，After that, there is a great impact on the "Huan Huan Pictorial", "Huatu New News", "Dianshi Zhai Pictorial", etc.。Take the "Dianshi Zhai Pictorial" as an example，The journal was founded by Ernest Major, the main manager,，Printing at the Shishi Zhai Book Bureau of the Reporting Hall。This journal is Shi Ji，Each number contains 8 double -page black and white pictures，Each picture with two or three hundred words of text description，The content is "novelty and joyful things"，Submitting with the Declaration，Also released。"Point Shizhai Pictorial" published many articles related to Western science and technology，Such as a train、Shipping、Submarine、Balloon、Tele report、Electric lamps and other technical inventions。"Dianshi Zhai Pictorial" also introduces the latest Western technology information。1896，Samuel Pierpont Langley (Samuel Pierpont Langley) The aircraft model with a steam engine as a power assembly was successful，This is considered to be one of the earliest flight technologies。"Dianshi Zhai Pictorial" quickly reported on this with the title of "Royal Wind Boat"。

It is worth mentioning is，Some celebrities are also actively engaged in the translation and publishing of popular science texts。Lu Xun compiled the science science articles early。He published "Say Platinum" in the 8th issue of "Zhejiang Tide" in 1903，The first article introduces radio and radioactive knowledge compilation articles。There are three characteristics in this article: one is that the term translation method is diverse; the other is simplified language，Translation、The binding Bet365 lotto review is better; the third is to lead the times，Salvation of the country。Although there are some problems in this article, there are some problems that are not accurate in translation，But it can also reflect the far -sighted scientific translation thoughts of Lu Xun's "revitalizing China".。John Fryer not only translates a lot of scientific and technological works，Also founded the popular science magazine "Jizhi Compilation" in 1876，I introduced the scientific and technological knowledge of the West with unique content。"Jiezhi Compilation" Each issue of each issue or several long translations or continuous translations，Published several short essays at the same time，The topic columns set up are "Q&A", "Mathematical Questions", "Miscellaneous Miscellaneous theory", etc.。The "Mutual Q&A" column was a characteristic column that other magazines did not have at that time，Build a bridge between editors and readers in the form of questioning and answers。"Miscellaneous theory" column reports science and technology news and technology knowledge，Ru Shipbuilding、Textile Machinery、Tele report、New technologies being introduced in foreign affairs campaigns such as steelmaking and ironmaking，and the Western State Beekeeping Law、Drilling ground finding coal、Amber formation method、Vajrayana Method Method, etc.。

The popular science translation published in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China has greatly broaden the perspective of Chinese people。The official funded newspaper published a lot of technological innovation、Popular science compilation articles in mechanical manufacturing and other aspects，It has an important guiding role for the manufacturing of urgent needed items in various fields。Newspapers opened by private fundraising，More publication articles on popular science compilation articles about novel information bet365 live casino games outside the region，Meets the needs of the public to understand the development of foreign science and technology，Improving the comprehensive literacy of the people。

　　(This article is the "Chinese Journalism History Research: Chinese Journalism History Research: Academic Map and Revelation Mirror Jian" (19xxw002) in the Western Project of the National Social Science Fund 

(The author is a professor at the English Academy of Xi'an University of Foreign Languages)