The practice of popular Bet365 lotto review translation in my country roughly began in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China。In this special period of historical change，Popular Bet365 lotto review translation presents distinctive features，Exercise unique functions，Constructing a beautiful landscape in the history of Chinese translation。

　　Translation of Western social Bet365 lotto review masterpieces

Western social Bet365 lotto review classics translated by Yan Fu and others，Played a huge role in popularizing Bet365 lotto review during the special historical period of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China，is an important popular Bet365 lotto review translation result during this period。Yan Fu graduated from Fujian Shipping School and the Royal Naval College，After returning to China in 1879, he studied at the Fuzhou Shipping School、Teacher at the Driving School affiliated to Beiyang Naval Academy，cultivated the first batch of naval talents in modern China。Just one year later，He is dedicated to running newspapers and translating。It can be seen，He thinks he is engaged in newspaper and translation work，Introduction to Western Democracy and Bet365 lotto review，Promote the ideas of reform and reform，More conducive to serving the country and the people。To some extent，He starts from the practical needs of society，Carry out practical Bet365 lotto review popularization work。

Yan Fu set a specific target readership，Carefully selected translations。The target readership he set is China’s scholar-bureaucrats，I hope these scholar-bureaucrats can understand Western social Bet365 lotto review thoughts through translation and support reforms。Therefore，He selects and translates into Chinese those famous Western social Bet365 lotto review works that can guide people to promote social change。He translated Huxley's "On the Evolution of Heaven" into Chinese，Serialized in newspapers from 1896 to 1898，Later published as a separate volume。1901-1909，He has translated and published Adam Smith's "Original Wealth" ("A Study into the Nature and Causes of National Wealth")，Spencer's "Qun Xue Yi Yan" ("Sociological Research")，John Mill's "On the Rights of the Group" ("On Liberty")、"Mill's Famous Bet365 lotto review" ("Logic System")，Zhen Kes's "Social Interpretation" ("Political History")，Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws")，Yefons's "A Brief Introduction to Famous Studies" ("Introduction to Logic"), etc.。

In order to make the translation cater to the reading taste of scholar-bureaucrats，Yan Fu deliberately used the Tongcheng School ancient prose genre, the most influential prose genre in the Qing Dynasty literary world, to present the translation，Word selection in the translation、Try to achieve the purpose as much as possible in terms of syntax and aesthetics。He deliberately chose “quaint” words to translate the vocabulary。For example，He translated "sociology" as "group Bet365 lotto review"，It is translated based on Xunzi’s point of view that “people’s livelihood has groups”。In terms of sentence construction and aesthetics，He "brought the full text of theology，Meet in the heart，Then write lyrics，Be kind to yourself and help each other”。His translation sentences are short and concise，Strong sense of rhythm，Get rid of the original syntactic structure，Present a rhetorical beauty that conforms to the reading psychology of scholar-bureaucrats。Later generations often call Yan Fu's translation "translation"，That is, his translation is not a purely literal translation，There are comments instead、Performance。In his representative translation work "Tianyan Lun"，“Notes”, “Translated Notes” and “Interior Notes” can be found everywhere，Warning to readers that if they don’t cheer up and strengthen themselves, the country will be destroyed。For example，When he first mentioned the term "wujing" in his translation，Introduces the ins and outs of this term in detail in the form of "notes"。

Yan Fu’s translation was a hugely influential piece of Bet365 lotto review propaganda。He systematically combined Western sociology、Political Bet365 lotto review、Introduction of philosophy and natural Bet365 lotto review to China，Incorporate new concepts that have been generally understood and accepted by the people in the West、New information introduced into China。His translation has far-reaching influence，Enlightened and educated a generation of Chinese people，Achieved the purpose given by the times to popularize Bet365 lotto review translation texts: to encourage people's power、Kaiminzhi、Xinmin De、Self-improvement and self-reliance、Calling for salvation。His translation of Tianyan Lun has the greatest influence，Thoughts on China、Culture、Language and other aspects have had a huge impact。After the publication of Tianyan Lun，More than 30 different versions released in just 10 years。The "natural selection" advocated in the book，The new idea of ​​"survival of the fittest"，Not only caused a strong shock in the Chinese ideological circles，And it became the most active word in newspapers and magazines at that time and even the mantra of the whole society。At the same time，Yan Fu’s translation also brought about major changes in the Tongcheng School’s ancient prose genre that was prevalent in China at that time。The characteristic of Tongcheng School’s ancient writings is concise narratives、Smooth and clear、Highlighted Features、Lots of details、Sighing from the world。But Yan Fu’s translation did not fall into the mold of the Tongcheng School’s ancient texts，It has revolutionary innovative features。"Notes", "Translation Notes", "Interior Notes", etc. in Yan Fu's translation text，Clearly and forcefully demonstrated his understanding of the social reality at that time，Expressed one’s own philosophical thoughts and political views。The popularity of Yan Fu’s translations，To a certain extent, it also promoted the transformation of the Tongcheng School’s ancient literary genre，Contributed to the prosperity and development of Chinese stylistics。

　Newspapers publish popular Bet365 lotto review translations

The earliest Chinese newspaper in modern China is the "Xiyang Kao Monthly Tongji Biography" founded in 1833，The next one appeared was "Ya Yu Guan Zhen" (1853)、"Liuhe Congtan" (1857)、"China and Foreign News" (1858)、"Global Gazette" (1868)、"Records of Chinese and Western Hearings and Seeings" (1872)、"Declaration" (1872)、"Oriental Magazine" (1904), etc.。These newspapers and magazines will publish some popular Bet365 lotto review compiled articles since their establishment。

Some newspapers and periodicals only publish text manuscripts。Compiled popular Bet365 lotto review articles in newspapers and periodicals in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China，Has the characteristics of “miscellaneous”, “new” and “used”。The content of the compiled article is complex，Including the establishment of the Nobel Prize、Arctic and Antarctic adventure activities, etc.，Involving a wide range of knowledge，Almost involving most disciplines of natural Bet365 lotto review，such as physics、Chemistry、Bio、Medicine、Agriculture、Geography、Astronomy, etc.。China’s Bet365 lotto review and technology was relatively backward at that time，Many things in the West are unheard of to Chinese people、Never seen before。So the popular Bet365 lotto review compiled articles at that time paid more attention to the practicality of the content，Especially to solve the actual needs of the country。At that time，The Qing government suffered from the strong ships and cannons of the West，It is urgent to understand the structure and countermeasures of strong ships and guns。Compiled by "Current News" and other newspapers、Published many articles on military technology，Rumolina ammunition、gun line scope、German new war gun、Austria’s new gun、Dechuang Sailboat、Testing shell penetration, etc.。

Other newspapers and periodicals disseminate Bet365 lotto review and technology news in the form of pictures and text，Very popular among readers。The "Children's Monthly" founded in 1875 has a greater influence，The ones that later had a greater impact include "Yinghuan Pictorial", "Huatu Xinbao", "Dianshizhai Pictorial", etc.。Take "Dianshizhai Pictorial" as an example，The journal was founded in 1884 by Ernest Major, the owner of the application library，Printed at Dianshizhai Bookstore in the declaration hall。This is a ten-day issue，Each number contains 8 double-page black and white pictures，Each picture is accompanied by a text description of two to three hundred words，The content is "something new and exciting"，Attached with "Declaration"，Also sold separately。"Dianshizhai Pictorial" published many articles related to Western Bet365 lotto review and technology，Like a train、Ship、Submarine、Balloon、Telegram、Technical inventions such as electric lights。"Dianshizhai Pictorial" also promptly introduces the latest scientific and technological information from the West。1896，Samuel Pierpont Langley’s steam engine-powered aircraft model successfully flew，This is considered one of the earliest flying technologies。"Dianshizhai Pictorial" quickly reported on this under the title "Riding the Wind"。

It is worth mentioning，Some celebrities are also actively engaged in the translation and publishing of popular Bet365 lotto review texts。Lu Xun compiled popular Bet365 lotto review articles in his early days。He published "Shuo Platinum" in the 8th issue of "Zhejiang Chao" in 1903，This is the first compilation article introducing popular Bet365 lotto review knowledge about radium and radioactivity。This article has three characteristics: First, there are various methods of terminology translation；The second is concise language，Translation、Better combination of editing；The third is to lead the times，Save the country and wise the people。Although there are some inaccuracies in terminology translation in this article，But it can also reflect Lu Xun’s far-sighted scientific translation thoughts that “revitalizing China must start with popularizing Bet365 lotto review”。John Fryer not only translated a large number of scientific and technological works，He also founded the popular Bet365 lotto review magazine "Gezhi Collection" in 1876，Introduces Western scientific and technological knowledge with unique content。Each issue of "Gezhi Collection" contains one or several longer translations or serial translations，Several short articles published at the same time，The special columns include "Mutual Questions and Answers", "Odd Questions on Arithmetic", "Miscellaneous Theory of Things", etc.。The "Q&A" column was a special column that was not available in other magazines at that time，Build a bridge between editors and readers in the form of questions and answers。The "Gewu Zashuo" column reports Bet365 lotto review and technology news and knowledge，Like shipbuilding、Textile Machinery、Telegraph、Steelmaking and other new technologies being introduced during the Westernization Movement，And Western Beekeeping Law、Method of drilling into the ground to find coal、Amber formation method、New technologies that are beneficial to people’s livelihood and well-being, such as diamond function methods。

Popular Bet365 lotto review translations published in popular newspapers and periodicals during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China greatly broadened the horizons of the Chinese people。Officially funded newspapers and periodicals published a large number of technological innovations、Compiled popular Bet365 lotto review articles on mechanical manufacturing and other aspects，It has an important guiding role in developing the production and manufacturing of urgently needed items in various fields。Newspapers and periodicals run by private investors，More popular Bet365 lotto review compiled articles publishing novel information about foreign countries，Satisfies the public’s need to understand the development of foreign Bet365 lotto review and technology，Improved the comprehensive literacy of the people。

　　(This article is a phased result of the Western Project of the National Social Bet365 lotto review Foundation "Research on the History of Chinese Journalism in Japan: Academic Pictures and Enlightenments" (19XXW002)

(The author is a professor Bet365 lotto review School of English, Xi’an International Studies University)