From the middle Middle Ages，The bet365 games relationship between the state and the church has become a core theme of Western political philosophy and political practice。around this theme，Two political and religious theories, hierarchical theory and dualism, gradually formed in the late Middle Ages。Hierarchical theory claims that the spiritual bet365 games represented by the church is higher than the earthly bet365 games represented by the state，Therefore the state should submit to the authority of the church。Dualism claims state and church、Earthly bet365 games and spiritual bet365 games are separate and independent from each other，So the country’s political authority is self-sufficient。Specifically，The Theory of Hierarchy advocates that the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) controls spiritual bet365 games and temporal bet365 games，Then claiming laity versus clergy、Clergy vs. Bishop of Rome、Submission of earthly bet365 games to spiritual bet365 games，Even developed the concept of "sufficient bet365 games" in which the pope controls all earthly coercive powers。So，In the relationship between church and state in the theory of religious hierarchy，The self-sufficiency of earthly authority is always subject to interference by ecclesiastical authority。

The concept of "sufficient bet365 games" for the hierarchical theory，Late medieval anti-clericalists often argued with "dualism"。Take Dante as an example，He systematically refuted the hierarchical theory in the third volume of "De monarchia"。In Dante’s opinion，Although spiritual bet365 games is higher than earthly bet365 games，But this does not infer that earthly bet365 games is subordinate to spiritual bet365 games，Because only God can possess the authority of both spiritual bet365 games and temporal bet365 games，And the Pope is only God’s agent；God’s authority cannot be entirely transferred to God’s agents，Otherwise God’s agents would have the same powers as God。Insofar as God constitutes the immediate source of both spiritual and earthly bet365 games，The pope, who represents spiritual bet365 games, and the empire, who represents earthly bet365 games, are independent of each other，The empire is subject only to the authority of God。So Dante’s “dualism” political doctrine denies that the Pope has sufficient bet365 games，Advocates that the emperor has temporal bet365 games independent of the pope。

However，Dante still recognized that the clergy, headed by the pope, held coercive spiritual bet365 games，This means that the papal authority is still highly recognized，The Pope can still achieve the effect of interfering with earthly bet365 games through the exercise of spiritual bet365 games，For example, the bet365 games of excommunication held by the Pope can expel the ruler from the entire Christian fellowship，Thus relieving Christian subjects of their political obedience to their rulers，Threaten the legitimacy of the ruler’s rule。So the hierarchical theory is not completely refuted by dualism，Dualism cannot completely defend the self-sufficiency of earthly authority。

The reason why dualism cannot eliminate the struggle between religious bet365 games and earthly bet365 games，Because dualism treats the state and the church as two different entities，Each of them has its own purpose，Advocates that there are two kinds of coercive bet365 games under different entities in earthly society，Then forming the dual entity theory of state and church，And thus formed God as the ultimate source of bet365 games、The state and the church belong to two different spheres of bet365 games，A top-down dualistic hierarchical order in which the earthly rulers represented by the monarch and the clergy headed by the pope respectively hold two powers。Because this dualistic hierarchical order recognizes the priority of spiritual bet365 games over earthly bet365 games and the mandatory spiritual bet365 games held by the clergy，So it can be used to support anti-clericalists，Can also be used to support clericalists: anti-clericalists rely on the logic of God as the ultimate source of bet365 games to attribute the unity of the two powers to God rather than to the papacy，This establishes the dualistic hierarchical order of "God-Pope/Ruler-Soul/Body"；Clerical theorists use the Pope’s identity as Christ’s agent and the priority of spiritual bet365 games to bring the unity of the two powers under the authority of the Pope，This establishes the hierarchical order of "God-Pope-Man"。

This means，While claiming that spiritual bet365 games is higher than earthly bet365 games，Presupposes the dual coexistence of spiritual bet365 games and earthly bet365 games，That is, the state and the church each hold different kinds of bet365 games；Dualism in attempting to demonstrate the self-sufficiency of earthly authority，affirms the church’s monopoly on spiritual bet365 games，That is, the church still possesses spiritual bet365 games that can threaten the self-sufficiency of earthly authority。Therefore，The dual bet365 games relationship between the state and the church constitutes the common theoretical presupposition of the late medieval political and religious theory represented by hierarchical theory and dualism。It is based on this common theoretical presupposition，The anti-clerical logic of dualism can also be used by the clerical theory to defend clerical rights，That is, dualism is not only the theoretical basis of anti-clericalism but also the source of incomplete anti-clericalism，While attributing the source of earthly bet365 games to God，Retains the full spiritual bet365 games of the clergy，This results in the clericalists still being able to establish a clerical hierarchical order that interferes with earthly bet365 games in the dualism of the anti-clericalists。So，The political autonomy of the earthly state cannot be defended more thoroughly in the dualist explanation path。

As the most original political philosopher of the late Middle Ages，The theory of civil community proposed by Marsilius dei Mainardini of Padua in Defensor pacis laid a solid foundation for the self-sufficiency of earthly authority。First，Marsilius asserts that the community of citizens is the only earthly legislator，All bet365 games in the world is in the hands of the community of citizens。This led to Marsilius not only denying the concept of sufficient bet365 games advocated by the Doctrine of Hierarchy，And it denies the spiritual bet365 games of the clergy headed by the Pope。He believes that all clergy only have the right to spiritual exhortation，That is, the spiritual bet365 games of clergy is only exhortative rather than mandatory，The Pope has no right to use spiritual bet365 games to interfere with earthly government。Secondly，In Masiliu’s opinion，The community of citizens as legislators is the soul of the country，And as the ruling part that enforces the law, it is the heart of the country；Just as the soul of an animal controls the heat of the heart，Causes heat to flow throughout the body for the purpose of animal health，The citizen community also regulates the political behavior of the ruling parties through laws，Thereby allowing the bet365 games of the ruling part to rule the people legitimately for the purpose of national peace。The community of citizens gives kinetic energy to the "heart" through the law，And control the movement of the "heart" within the purpose of maintaining the country's "health"；Just as the heart of animals occupies the core part of the various components of the animal body，and boot、Regulates the movement of animals，The ruling part of the country also occupies the core part of the country，It guides、Regulates the actions of the country，Once the country leaves, it will immediately perish。Finally，Marsilius revolutionized the integration of the church into the state，Regard the Church as the clerical part of the state，Thus making the church as the clergy part subordinate to the rulers as the ruling part，And then submit to the civil community。Therefore，Marsilius continues to advance Dante’s dualism，In one fell swoop, the relationship between church and state subverted the theory of hierarchy: it is not that earthly bet365 games is subject to spiritual bet365 games，But spiritual bet365 games is subordinate to earthly bet365 games；It is not the state that is subordinate to the church，But the church is subordinate to the state。

Marsilius’s theory of civil community transcends the dualistic theory of church and state in the late Middle Ages。Dualism is based on the Aristotelian division of body and soul，analogize the relationship between the state and the church to the relationship between the body and the soul，Thus using the body-soul teleological explanatory model to discuss the relationship between church and state。But，This theory cannot ensure the autonomy of earthly politics，It is also impossible to achieve national peace and church peace。In Massiliu’s theory of civic community，The dual entity relationship between the state and the church in the late medieval political and religious theory was transformed into a part-part relationship between the ruling part and the priestly part in the unitary entity of the state，The relationship between the state and the church is no longer the relationship between the body and the soul, but the relationship between the heart and other parts (other organs) of the body。This means，The church no longer plays the role of the soul holding compulsory spiritual bet365 games in traditional church-state relations，And only as the priestly part of the national body is included in the national whole，The soul role in the dualist relationship between church and state has been given to the civil community。The civil community, not the church, gives temporal bet365 games to the ruling part，The ruling part exercises political rule over all state components, including the church, through the authorization of the civil community。

(Author’s affiliation: School of Politics and Public Administration, Suzhou University)