The term "unity" often appears in political and social life，But it rarely looks like freedom、Equality、Justice and other concepts as the theme of moral and political philosophy is analyzed。It is sometimes regarded as "SuperRogatory Virtue" in philosophical words -it is worthy of praise and non -compulsory requirements。"Unity" and "Boai" are closely related，Its destiny can be explained by Roses's explanation of Boai in the secondary position in democratic society，That is, "It is regarded as a relatively unspeakable political concept ... just express certain spiritual attitude and behavior type"。

"Unity" originated from Obligatio in solidum，Originally refers to the common debt of multiple people。until the period of the French Revolution，Mirapo and Dandong occasionally use the word solidarité in the legal sense。1840，Luru systematically elaborated the concept，Promoting its application in other social fields。Unity gradually has "I am everyone，Everyone for me "The role of" emotional and standardized will evoke the will of mutual support "。Some scholars in the 19th century are like Kong De、Turkan and others to study the division of labor with social unity。Schiller believes that the principle of solidarity makes the entire moral world integrate，Everyone is responsible for their own good and evil behavior，Also responsible for everyone's good and evil behavior for everyone。

This can be seen，The concept of "unity" contains the meaning of "we-thinking)，Based on some similarity based on "Us"，If the common identity characteristics (race、Culture、Class、Belief、Gender)、The same situation bet365 live casino games (facing the same threat、Being the same injustice、Implement the same development), etc.。In other words，Unity relationship often implies a distinction，"We" and all others with similarity，The obligations it contains also what contemporary German philosopher Kurte Bardez said，Generally based on the accidental characteristics of group members，It is special，instead of the universal obligations that Kang morals say。Unity contains a reciprocal component，It also contains certain emotional factors，Successive、Loyalty、mutual trust, etc.。But many scholars point out，Unity cannot be completely attributed to a certain inner emotional or abstract value，In the final analysis, it is a practice，"As far as its simplest form is concerned，Unity indicate a common practice method，Reflects to help others (Economy、Society、Emotional or Other) The collective commitment to sacrifice "。

The complexity of unity is that it has multi -dimensional。Except for descriptive concepts and standardized concepts, the common distinction angle in value theory is outside，American scholar Sally Schildez will also unite and analyze social unity、Citizen unity and political unity。Social solidarity is a family、Association、Association、political parties and some language -based、Tradition、Forms of unity displayed by cultural groups such as faith and other identity，Show the degree of mutual dependence between individual members or the cohesion of the group。Citizen unity exists in the same country，Relationship between the country and each citizen as a citizen's collective。Specifically，The state has the obligation to pass the corresponding system such as the basic medical service system，Ensure that the basic Bet365 lotto review needs of each citizen are met，Make them avoid being in extreme adverse situations。Political solidarity is an individual or group to resist social injustice or oppression，A form of solidarity formed by realizing social reforms。Unlike society and citizen unity，This kind of solidarity with clear goals highlights the "personal conscience、Dedication Spirit、Group responsibility and collective action "。

Back to neglecting problems in the category of solidarity。Bayerz believes that there are two reasons。On the one hand，"Modern ethics is universal"。Regardless of Kantist，Still utilitarian，All emphasize the universal characteristics of moral laws。The unity relationship is usually based on a specific group，The obligation contained in it is a special obligation related to the accidental characteristics of the group。Although human unity and even the concept of "One Health"), all biological unity of biological unity often appear，But Bayerz pointed out，"For me，The relative nature and exclusive phenomenon of unity and unity behavior seem to refute the universal application of the word unity "。On the other hand，The obligation contained in the solidarity relationship is "actively doing the obligation of X"，and this form of obligation is difficult to allow the popular moral and political philosophy of today。Bayerz thinks，The latter has a defensive tendency，Pay attention to defending the freedom of personal freedom，strive to protect them from intervention from external forces。Unity seems to assume that group rights are preferred by individual rights，The group requires the "other" sexual morality proposed by the group may threaten the individual autonomy。So，Unity is often regarded as a "political slogan"Bet365 app download ，instead of "moral category"。

The reason why the mainstream moral theory ignores unity is determined by its theoretical characteristics，that is, the main body of atomicization is the law of general morality。and those theoretical system based on non -individualism，Such as socialist tradition and Christian social theory，Often gives unity with important moral status，It can accommodate a special obligation among group members。Bayerz pointed out，Many contemporary ideological genres，such as socialism、Feminism and postmodernism，I have made deep reflection on mainstream moral theory，Criticized the "narrow vision" that only focused on universal norms，And in their own ways "seeking a special moral concept of rejuvenation"。Related scholars attach great importance to the research on the category of solidarity。Take Richard Robiti as an example，He pointed out that the moral laws in rationality are compared to the moral obligations that originate from selfish emotions，"Do not have any innate automatic superiority"。They can only provide "very weak and difficult to convince people's explanations"。People need to pay attention to studying those special obligations，They sometimes produce a unity relationship in the group。The smaller the group, the smaller the group，The smaller the group, the smaller the group，The stronger the sense of unity，The clearer and binding the moral obligations。We should "try to expand our‘ us ’feeling”，"Create a sense of unity and a wider and wider sense of unity than our existing sense of unity"。

The interpretation of the concept of solidarity above involves ethical universalism and ethical partialism (Ethical PARTICularism)。Generally speaking，Ethical universalism believes，"When treating everyone，Bet365 lotto review It should be equal and impartially actively care about their respective good or interests "; ethical specialism believes，"Compared to others，Individuals should include both，It also includes the interests of people who have a special relationship with me to give priority to，Such as a family、social circle、Local community、National or other members of social groups with various boundaries "。

If ethical universalism is almost regarded as the basic position of today's moral theory，So is the category of unity really exiled? Check the relationship between justice and unity，We can find，Unity is not hidden，Instead, he is exerting your influence in some subtle form。Habermas pointed out，"The concept of justice theory requires unity as the back"，This is not so much to supplement the two values，"It is better to say two problems in the same thing"。His reason is，Justice represents the accidental factors of the subject situation (agent-neutral) and an impartial position，It is necessary to unite the value of the positive opposition to make everyone as a group member and the interests of the entire society，Maintenance of social life as a whole。

This relationship between solidarity and justice can also be found in Raier's theory。On the surface，As a fair justice, it seems to have nothing to do with unity，Because all parties in the original state are assumed to try to get as much basic good as possible，Don’t care about other people's gains and losses。But in -depth analysis, you will find it，Roses added many unity logic when constructing his view of justice。First，Differential principles stipulate that social and economic inequality should maximize the interests of social members of the situation。That is to say，Bet365 lotto review Unless it can improve the interests of these people，Otherwise, the advantage group will not be able to get more benefits。On the whole，Social members with the worst situation in the principle of differential principles are by no means the most unfortunate person，Not charity、Sympathy and even compassion objects，There is a kind of reciprocal relationship contained in the unity between them and other members of the society，This reflects "the ideal of deep social union"。The main reason is，Although all parties in the original state are indifferent to each other，But after the effects of various accidental factors in the suspension，The principle of justice reached in the end shows "in the fairness of justice，People agree to share their own destiny "。Second，Unity is not only reflected in the principle of justice，The practice of the principle of justice also needs to be united。Ros thinks，A citizen has a moral ability that is a fair clause that will abide by cooperation even if it is not good for themselves。This sense of justice is to respect each other with others、Mutual trust and reciprocal equal communication gradually formed，Social unity is conducive to the cultivation of citizens' sense of justice。In daily life，Unity will deepen the intimacy between citizens，Simmented contradictions and conflicts，Encourage everyone to actively fulfill the requirements of the principle of justice，So citizens who believe in different values ​​to maintain the stability of social order。

Bayerz pointed out，"If you want to take the actual complexity of moral conscience correctly，So the concept of solidarity is essential for moral philosophy and political science "。Many of our moral practice and family、Community、race、Bet365 app download The country, etc., is closely related to the group based on accidental factors。Moral philosophy must truly face reality，It can’t be ethical universalism，Study on the fields of unity and other categories。

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(Author Unit: Institute of Philosophy in Shandong Academy of Social Sciences)