Although the word "unity" often appears in political and bet365 casino bonus life，But it's rarely like freedom、Equality、Concepts such as justice are analyzed as themes in moral and political philosophy。It is sometimes referred to in philosophical discourse as "supererogatory virtue" - praiseworthy but not required。"Unity" and "fraternity" are closely related，Its fate can be illustrated by an analogy with Rawls' explanation of the secondary status of fraternity in a democratic society，That is, "regarded as a less specialized political concept...just expressing certain mental attitudes and types of behavior"。

"bet365 casino bonus" comes from obligatio in solidum in Roman law，Originally refers to the joint debt of multiple people。Until the French Revolution，Only Mirabeau and Danton occasionally did not use the word solidarité in the legal sense。1840，Leroux systematically elaborated this concept for the first time，Promote its application in other social fields。Unity gradually has the meaning of "one for everyone"，Everyone for One" has the effect of "evoking the will to support each other at the emotional and normative levels"。Some scholars in the 19th century such as Comte、Durkheim and others studied the correlation between division of labor and social bet365 casino bonus。Scheller believed that the principle of unity unites the entire moral world，Everyone is responsible for his or her own good and evil actions，Also jointly responsible with everyone for the good and evil actions of others。

It can be seen from this，The concept of "unity" implies "we-thinking"，Based on some similarity between "us"，such as a common identity (race、Culture、Class、Faith、Gender)、Same situation (facing the same threat、Suffering the same injustice、Achieve the same development), etc.。In other words，bet365 casino bonus often implies a distinction，i.e. “us” and all others with similarities，The obligations it contains are also as stated by the contemporary German philosopher Kurt Baerz，Generally based on accidental traits of group members，It is special，Not what Kantians call universal obligations。bet365 casino bonus contains an element of reciprocity，Also contains some emotional elements，Like empathy、Loyalty、Mutual trust, etc.。But many scholars pointed out，bet365 casino bonus cannot be completely reduced to some intrinsic emotion or abstract value，It is ultimately a practice，"In its simplest form，bet365 casino bonus represents a shared practice，Reflects doing something to help others (financial、Society、A collective commitment to sacrifice, emotional or otherwise”。

The complexity of bet365 casino bonus is that it has multiple dimensions。In addition to the common distinction angle in axiology such as descriptive concepts and normative concepts，American scholar Sally Scholz also analyzed bet365 casino bonus as social bet365 casino bonus、Civil bet365 casino bonus and Political bet365 casino bonus。Social unity is family、Society、Association、Political parties and some based on language、Tradition、Forms of bet365 casino bonus displayed by cultural groups based on identity traits such as beliefs，Shows the degree of interdependence between individual members or the cohesion of a group。Civil unity exists in the same country，Shows the relationship between the country as a collective of citizens and each citizen。Specifically，The state has the obligation to adopt corresponding systems such as basic medical service systems，Ensuring that every citizen’s basic needs are met，To prevent them from getting into extremely disadvantageous situations。Political bet365 casino bonus is the resistance of individuals or groups to social injustice or oppression，Form of bet365 casino bonus to achieve social reform。Different from social and civil bet365 casino bonus，This kind of unity with a clear goal orientation highlights the "individual conscience、dedication、Group Responsibility and Collective Action”。

Back to the issue of neglecting the category of bet365 casino bonus。Bairz thinks there are two reasons。On the one hand，“Modern ethics is universal”。Whatever Kantians，Still a utilitarian，Both emphasize the universal character of moral laws。bet365 casino bonus is usually tied to a specific group，The obligations contained therein are special obligations related to the contingent qualities of the group。Although references to human unity and even the unity of all living things (under the concept of "one health") often appear，But Baierz pointed out，"For me，The relativity and exclusivity of the sense of bet365 casino bonus and the behavior of bet365 casino bonus seem to strongly refute the universal use of the word bet365 casino bonus”。On the other hand，The obligation contained in the bet365 casino bonus relationship is "the obligation to actively do X"，And this form of obligation cannot be accommodated in today's popular moral and political philosophy。Bairz thinks，The latter has a defensive tendency，Attach importance to defending personal freedom and rights，Strive to protect them from interference by external forces。And bet365 casino bonus seems to assume that group rights take precedence over individual rights，The "heteronomous" sexual moral requirements put forward by the group on the individual may pose a threat to the individual's autonomy。So，Unity is often regarded as a "political slogan"，Instead of "moral category"。

The reason why mainstream moral theories ignore bet365 casino bonus is determined by their theoretical characteristics，That is, seeking universal moral laws based on the atomized subject。And those theoretical systems based on non-individualism，such as socialist tradition and Christian social theory，Unity is often given an important moral status，Able to accommodate special obligations among group members。Bairz pointed out，Many contemporary schools of thought，such as communitarianism、Feminism and postmodernism, etc.，Having conducted a profound reflection on mainstream moral theories，Criticized the "narrow vision" that only focuses on universal norms，And in their own way, they “seek to revitalize particular moral concepts”。Relevant scholars attach great importance to the research on the category of bet365 casino bonus。Take Richard Rorty as an example，He pointed out that moral laws in reason are compared with moral obligations derived from perceptual experiences such as private emotions，“Does not possess any innate automatic superiority”。They can only provide "a very weak and unconvincing explanation" for people's good and evil behaviors。People need to pay attention to studying those special obligations，They sometimes arise from the bet365 casino bonus relationship in the group。Rorty pointed out，The smaller the group，The stronger the sense of unity，The more clear and binding the moral obligations become。We should “maximize our sense of ‘us’”，“Create a sense of unity that is broader and greater than the one we have now”。

The above interpretation of the concept of bet365 casino bonus involves the distinction between ethical universalism and ethical particularism。In a nutshell，Ethical universalism believes，"When treating everyone，Should be equally and impartially interested in their respective good or interests”；Ethical particularism believes，"Relative to others，Individuals should treat both themselves and themselves，Also includes giving priority to the interests of people with whom I have a special relationship，Like family、Social circle、Local community、Members of a nation or other social group with various boundary restrictions”。

If ethical universalism is almost regarded as the basic position of today’s moral theory，So is the category of bet365 casino bonus really completely exiled?？Examine the relationship between justice and unity，We can find out，Unity is not hidden anymore，But it is exerting its own influence in some subtle form。Habermas pointed out，“The deontological concept of justice requires bet365 casino bonus as its reverse”，This is not so much the complementarity of the two values，“It’s better to say it’s two aspects of the same thing”。His reason is，Justice represents an agent-neutral and impartial stance that is independent of the contingencies of the subject’s situation，The need for bet365 casino bonus, the opposite value of holding everyone accountable for the interests of group members and society as a whole，Maintain the overall social life。

This relationship between bet365 casino bonus and justice can also be found in Rawls’ theory。On the surface，Justice as fairness seems to have nothing to do with unity，Because the parties in the original position are assumed to try to obtain as much basic goods as possible，Don’t care about other people’s gains and losses。But if you analyze it in depth, you will find，Rawls added a lot of logic of unity when constructing his concept of justice。First，The difference principle states that social and economic inequalities should maximize the interests of the worst off members of society。In other words，Unless the interests of these people can be improved，Otherwise the advantaged groups will not be able to obtain more benefits。Overall view，In the difference principle, the worst-off society members are never the most unfortunate，Not charity、An object of sympathy or even pity，There is a reciprocal relationship involving bet365 casino bonus between them and other members of society，This embodies the "ideal of deep social union"。The main reason is，Although the parties in the original position are indifferent to each other，But after suspending the influence of various accidental factors，The finally reached principle of justice expresses “justice as fairness，People agree to share their destiny with each other”。Second，Unity is not only reflected in the principles of justice，The practice of justice principles also requires unity。Rawls believes，Citizens have the moral ability to abide by fair terms of cooperation even if it is detrimental to themselves。Such a sense of justice is achieved through mutual respect with other people、It is gradually formed through equal exchanges of mutual trust and reciprocity，Social unity is conducive to the cultivation of citizens’ sense of justice。In daily life，Unity will deepen the intimacy between citizens，Bridging conflicts，Encourage everyone to actively fulfill the requirements of the principles of justice，Thus maintaining the stability of social order among citizens who believe in different values。

Byers pointed out，“If the actual complexity of moral conscience is to be put into perspective，The concept of bet365 casino bonus is then essential to moral philosophy and politics”。Many of our ethical practices are related to family、Community、Race、Countries and other groups formed based on accidental factors are closely related。Moral philosophy must be truly oriented to reality，We cannot be limited to ethical universalism，We should pay attention to the research on areas such as unity。

　(This article is a phased result of the National bet365 casino bonus Science Foundation Youth Project "Research on Disability Issues from the Perspective of Contemporary Western Moral and Political Philosophy" (18CZX054)

(Author’s unit: Institute of Philosophy, Shandong Academy of bet365 casino bonus Sciences)