During the interpretation process of religious text，The rhetoric of losing the context is easy to become the source of misunderstanding，As a result, "The speaker has no intention，The story of the listener's intention "is continuously staged。This article tries to set off from the concept of scholars classified to scholars in modern disciplines，Analysis of the "myth" and "political" rhetoric of the same source，Why became two very different historical information after leaving the context，Discussion on religious history research methods with a view to provide a perspective。

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The famous Italian scholar Tuqi (G. TUCCI) published a pioneering research results in 1940，The use of Tibetan materials "Biography of Jian Jianba" to verify the Tantra Buddhist Holy Land (Xun La Na), which is the Swate Valley in Pakistan today。Such a rare literature on the newly discovered on hand，Tu Qi commented: "(" Biography of "Jian Jianba") is worthy of attention，There are fewer literary mask ...。"" The readers who told him together，Although Wu Jianba "seemed to treat all the women they saw as an empty line mother"，But compared to other Tibetan works，"Fantasy Elements" in this book is already considered less。

It is true，In Tibet Story，The master sees the Manchu God Buddha and communicates with it in the meditation，These records appear to be incompatible in the context of modern world saying。From the perspective of the history of the discipline of religious research，This kind of so -called myth、The attitude of imagining elements is not strange。The famous research report "Open The Social Sciences" outlines such a history of western disciplines: 19th century，Affected by the value tendency of the general law (nomothetic) value，Not only does history become a "science"，and produced political science、Economics and Sociology:，Responsible for studying the three major areas of modern western society; and for the "backward" Oriental，is responsible for the other two disciplines，bet365 live casino games That is Oriental and Anthropology。

The assumptions behind this discipline divide are，Western society has completed the secularization process (that is, "secularized")，Politics、Economy、Social three are independent from the authority of religion，Eastern society is still penetrated by religion。"Back -behind" East "Unsuitable" has political science、Economics and Sociology，It should be studied through Oriental Studies (mainly using comparative religion) and anthropology to study。This single -based discourse hegemony based on the secularization process，Has been fiercely criticized in the 2005 monograph "The Invention of World RELIGIONS"。Now we do have a vigilance about such modern discipline words，Historian scholars also pay more and more attention to "myth" materials，Establish a new interpretation framework。

But on the other hand，This snoring attitude is still active in another more hidden way。When we read the records that conform to the characteristics of "economy", "political" or "society" in traditional literature，Collect the "high -quality materials" as a study of historical reality。A typical example is，When many researchers read the content of "supply relationships" in Tibetan materials，It is easy to interpret this kind of statement，It is believed that in Tibet's religious context，The relationship between the Emperor of the Three Dynasties of the Yuan and Qing Dynasties and his Buddhist master is the relationship between "Tan Yue and Futian"，and use this as a real religious history、History of thought and even political history and do a lot of articles。This attitude of full receipts，In fact, Bet365 lotto review The attitude of scoffing nose is two sides: they are under the blessing of the modern subject system，I believe that the information of a certain literary and historical works can be cow，For different disciplines。When these religious words are classified as "politics" or "political theological/theological politics" (POLITICAL TheOLOGY)，It seems that they are in line with the classification of modern secular concepts and modern disciplines，No longer the "backward" category studied by early Oriental and early anthropology。But，Whether it is the early monk biography or the creation of the authors of the Gelu faction of bet365 Play online games the Qing Dynasty，All the overall speech behavior，They are not modern，but their own tradition。That is to say，Equal to them，Is a traditional cultural grammar。Want to distinguish "literary cover" and "reliable information"，Relying on the eyes of modern people to find "data" with modern atmosphere，It is easy to break the context。

　　Unification of "Myth" and "Politics"

This kind of disconnection，The broken "chapter" is a symbol structure of a certain cultural。We give the words of various "pro -procurement" discourse and "Bodhisattva King" discourse as an example of the extremely common literature in literature。In the third generation Ge Liba Laobei Rong Duoer (that is, the Three Dabao Fa King，1284-1339) is the biography of the second generation of Ge Ma (1204-1283)，It is mentioned that he was invited to the TSHONG ’DUS MGUR MO near Xialu，"Song Du Si" in "The Ceremony of the World") When the opening ceremony is opened，Say he "Seeing Lotus and Guanyin Guanyin，Full of Sky，Light photos "。This content reads very fantasy，It seems to be a format "myth" expression，We are often abandoned by us with self -proclaimed religious history researchers，We are more interested，Reading him and Meng Ge、The story between Kublai Khanlie。

The cultural background of the narrative of the two Ge Liba proximity of Ge Lima is actually not difficult to explore，Because of the handed down Tibetan literature, the literature of the Tibetan texts has provided us with a lot of information。A "Rgyal Ba Rgya Mtsho’i Mngon RTOGS)，records how to imagine a bodhisattva centered on Guanyin and the sea of ​​the sea centered on the seas of the sea.。The protagonist among them，It is the lotus peanuts and Great tragedy Guanyin。Original，II's Biography of Ge Liba Biography，It is this unique Guanyin practice of this Ge Lama tradition，It is the "net phase" generated in this practice。

The so -called "net phase"，Is the real world as pure land，See all phenomena as a kind of "God's Perspective" reflected in the legal nature。Traditional practitioners' long -term deity practice，It is the ability to observe the nature of the world，Even asking practitioners to directly imagine that all beings are Buddhas。This is slightly similar to what Mencius said, "Everyone can be Yao Shun"。Through this yoga and bet365 Play online games ritual，Yogis can also get functions that communicate inside and outside through mandalas，By controlling your body to control the external real world。

More importantly，This concept of dedication and the concept of pure phase was the common cultural grammar of across languages ​​between nations at that time。in G. KARA、P. Zieme (P. Zieme)、Shen Weirong、With the efforts of scholars such as An Haiyan，A batch of Tantric Revision of Tantric Revision During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties was identified。These religious traditions from Tibetan in the form of returning essays and Chinese translations，Let us take care of the high degree of popularity of the deity at that time。I can even rely on Tibetan literature today，Only by reading Chinese or Huiwen，You can know the background of the cultural and conceptual level of Ge Liba "Seeing Lotus and Great Benefit Guanyin Sea Club"。The preface of the Chinese translation of "The Convenience of the Sea for the Sea" is explained by the elegance: "When all the laws have no beginning, it comes from pure，It is the body that is all affectionate。”

It can be said，Tibetan in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties、Xixiayu、Hui 鹘、Mongolian and Chinese World，Through a large number of similar observation methods and practice，produced a common Buddhist "net phase" world，A cross -language cultural grammar。And this "net phase" concept，It is also closely related to the words of "political theology", which is interested in the "Bodhisattva King" mentioned above。In "Jingxiang" (that is, closer to the essence of the world)，Individuals are associated with theological logic; the essence of interpersonal relationships is "the relationship between the divine"，is the relationship between the "legal" level behind the phenomenon。When the Buddhist evaluates the emperor is the bodhisattva or the owner，It is inseparable from these two problems: "What is the divine relationship behind interpersonal relationships? How to identify and confirm the latter's more essential relationship?" Tantric culture believes that with the help of rituals and yoga，Practitioners can realize the state of "net phase"，Communicate the two realms of people and gods，See the essence of the real world。This is why Tantra tradition thinks，Only those who bet365 Play online games are proficient in meditation can determine "reincarnation" with the help of the ceremony。

From this view，The "Myth" of the God of God of the Sea of ​​God Buddha，Not necessarily more hypocritical exaggeration，and the "politics" of the Bodhisattva King，It is not necessarily more real and reliable -they are in the same symbol structure，The foundation for obtaining the ability to get involved and expression is the same。If you look at "Myth" and "Politics"，Take the God of Buddha and the Book of Lisun as a "backward" religious superstition，and turn the Bodhisattva Dharma into a "advanced" political theory，It is the one that is thick。This prejudice，Although it can be blamed for modern subject filters，But in essence, it does not meet the requirements of modern disciplines，Because these symbols before becoming "religion" or "politics"，First of all, from the literature，Therefore，Restore their rhetoric one by one。

　　Zhenye and fake rhetoric

Restoration of the context of rhetoric，Can prevent excessive interpretation of the dialogue。The God of God and the Bodhisattva King as a symbol，It is a random strain in different contexts under people's use，Not completely real，Not completely hypocritical。Rhetoric will of course produce effect，and intervene in people's practice，But the daily life of the locals，It will not be excessively invaded by these rhetoric。There is a story in "Biography of Jian Jianba" that can explain this。邬 邬，Self -claiming to practice "Wanfa just"，Ge Liba said to this: "Did you put your head into the pit?"

The so -called "Wanfa blind"，In fact, it is also a "net phase"，It is a premium yoga state with the essence of all phenomena。In this state，Not only the binary and ugly，Even life and death in the concept of Buddhism、Reincarnation and Nirvana，It is also considered equal and blind。Humor of Ge Liba，Not only reflects the style of Tantra Madness and the style of "Big Rebellion"，and the ultimate pursuit of "no difference"，It also pointed us to us at the same time the symbols such as "Wanfa" as the relative nature and ambiguousness of rhetoric。Thousands of Fa Fa are of course the truth of the Kagyu faction，but it is not absolute，In the dialogue between Ge Liba and Wu Jianba，Its relative nature is the basis of that joke。

From this perspective，Bet365 lotto review The attitude of scoffing a miracle from the miracle comes from the hypocrisy of the rhetoric and the side of its beautifying life，The attitude towards the full receipt of the Lord's photo order comes from the real attention to the real rhetoric and the side of its description of life。but，Paranoid one end will ignore the ambiguous ability of rhetoric，Make the original vivid language become a rigid symbol。Also because this joke is a joke，It has neither denying the authenticity of "all the methods"，No affirmation of the hypocrisy of "all the methods"。aside of the context，It becomes a judgment of true and false values; returning to the context，It restored the true color of rhetoric，It will not invade excessive life。Similarly，Emperor is a bodhisattva，Is it a master，These statements will not excessively invade people's daily practice。Of course, the emperor can play the role of the owner from time to time，But the monk will not really treat the emperor as only as a supporter，Instead, I will continue to practice the usual ritual and perform their duties。

　　Rhetoric of the return context

Even in the Tibetan narrative with flooded rhetoric，The function and status of "The Lord" is not static。In the story of the most legendary and famous Buddhist master Lotus Peanut in Tibet religion，The relationship between him and the 8th -century Tubo Zanzong Dezan，It is not a supply relationship: Lotus Peanut not only refuses Zanpu's gift，He also showed the economic strength that can be given to Zanpu。Even if you come to the Shinshi era，The relationship expressed in the text is also complicated and diverse。Zhang Jiaguo (1717-1786 )'s masterpiece "Seventh Dalai Lama Biography"，From the rhetoric, it seems to be the old bomb of the "supply" relationship，But if you observe the context carefully, you will find it，The author takes into account the cognition of the emperor and local elites，Strive to convey such a message: The leading force behind the emperor in the relevant affairs of local religious authorities in Tibet。Buddhist talents trained as the court，A set of rhetoric by Zhang Jiaguo，I cleverly wrote this period of history，Let people with a "net phase" perspective and those with a "vulgar" view are satisfied。From these two cases, it can be seen，The role and effect bet365 best casino games of the rhetoric of "The Lord" are originally a random response in Tibetan traditional religious text，Must analyze specific context。

The Ideal Skinner has given a loyal advice to the historian of thought，It is also suitable for religious history scholars and even general historians: I must try to see what the author thinks he is participating in。In other words，The author who wants to see the text thinks what questions are answering a question。From this goal，The famous text in history such as Qianlong’s "Lama said"，It still needs to continue to investigate its context。If the context，Just look at，We can draw conclusions for Tibetan Buddhism as a governance tool from Qianlong's "Lama"，The Qing Dynasty multi -language materials collected from Yumiko Shibin Yumiko can also be reached that Tibetan Buddhism has risen to the national ideological status of the Qing Dynasty。Whether it is "tool theory" or "ideological theory"，In fact, I have never examined the text of the text，Simplified the context of the text。If a careful context inspection，Power and Myth、Central and local，I am afraid there will be different appearances。

　(Author Unit: Department of Inner Asia and Altay, Harvard University)