Buddhism as a foreign culture，Introduced from India to the Central Plains during the Han Dynasty，And subsequently in the Three Kingdoms、Era of wars and divisions such as the Jin Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty，popular in Chinese society。However，Buddhism’s own cultural heterogeneity makes its spread in “Chinese-Europe” not smooth sailing。First，It has to face language barriers。Sanskrit as the carrier of Buddhist scriptures，its syntax、pinyin、Writing is far from Chinese characters，How to Chineseize “Indian”，Enable smooth bet365 withdrawal of original Buddhist scriptures into Chinese，Difficulties that must be faced to become a preacher。Secondly，It’s the cultural barrier。Buddhism regards "emptiness" and "nothing" as the ontology of all things、The origin of the universe，Regard the material world as the combination of causes and conditions。Its religious spirit and emphasis on “application in the world”、There are contradictions in the concept of the Han nation that actively joins the WTO。How to interpret Buddhist teachings accurately and acceptably，Another test for preachers。Finally，It’s a conflict of ideas。The clear rules and precepts of Buddhism and the view of life and death with the immortal soul, etc.，There are many things that are incompatible with the ethical principles promoted by the centralists at that time，How to reconcile and resolve satisfactorily，It is also an important problem faced by missionaries。Therefore，Over a long period of time，Indian Buddhism can only play the role of a vassal of Chinese mainstream culture，Even had to "change his appearance"，Get an opportunity to barely gain a foothold in Chinese society。

According to research，The initial Chinese bet365 withdrawal of Buddhist scriptures mainly experienced "oral bet365 withdrawal" (oral bet365 withdrawal) by Sanskrit monks or Hu monks，The process of "bishou" (recording other people's dictation with a pen) by Han monks。Such a "process" requires at least two "conversions"，The first is the conversion between different languages ​​- converting Sanskrit to Chinese (or converting Sanskrit to Hu，Convert Hu to Han again)；The second is the conversion between different media - turning language into books，Or turn it into a pen，Convert audio language into tangible text。Obviously，Even if the translator pays great attention to faithfully conveying the original meaning of the Buddhist scriptures，But after two rounds of inevitable "conversions"，A lot of information will definitely be lost。What’s worse，The first translators of Buddhist scriptures were mostly Sanskrit or Hu monks，They are not familiar with Chinese，So it is necessary to hire Han people as bet365 withdrawal assistants，But the translator is not very familiar with Sanskrit。So，There are many phenomena of "time lag", "loss of purpose" and "abandonment" of translated text。According to ancient Chinese bet365 withdrawal (Chinese and minority languages、Inter-Dialect) Concept，The bet365 withdrawal should follow the principle of "literary quality"，"文" means modification，That is, rhetoric must be used when translating，Strive to be close to Chinese；"Zhi" means simplicity，That is, literal bet365 withdrawal，In order to be faithful to the original text。Because there was no "bet365 withdrawal" technique that could be used as a reference between foreign languages ​​and cultures，So most translators in the Han Dynasty adopted the method of "abandoning the text and retaining its essence"，The result is that the Buddhist scriptures become obscure and difficult to understand。The translators of the Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasty invented the method of "paraphrasing" - translating Buddhist terms、Name and number of events，Proposed to match Chinese Confucianism、Nouns in Taoist and other classics、Category、Thoughts，However, although this approach provides convenience for understanding Buddhism，However, too many "free translations" also cause readers to be unable to directly understand the essence of Buddhism，Even sometimes "misinterpret" relevant teachings。

Eastern Jin Dynasty，Dao’an, an eminent monk from Fu and Qin Dynasties, summarizes the successes and failures of scripture bet365 withdrawal in the past，In the "Preface to the Copy of the Mahabharami Sutra", he proposed the views of "five lost editions" and "three difficulties"，Make specific specifications and requirements on how to faithfully convey the original meaning of Buddhist scriptures。The so-called "five lost roots"，That is, "one，The barbarians were defeated and they followed the Qin Dynasty，Loss of one's fortune。Both，Hu Jing Shangzhi，Qin people are good at writing，The message can be shared by all，Not compatible with the text，Si Er lost his roots。Three，Hu Jing reviewed the chanting，Ding Ning repeats，Or three or four，Not too troublesome，Now dismissed，Loss of your roots three times。Four，Hu Youyi’s Notes，Just like nonsense，Looking for sentences，Wen Wuyiyi，or one thousand five hundred，Cutting and not preserving，Four losses。Five，It’s done，More to come，The previous words have been reversed，I will tell you all later，These five things are lost”。It involves Brahman、Word order problem between Chinese characters、Rhetorical question、Issues about simplified and traditional writing style、Style Issues、Narrative questions, etc.。In short，Translators are not allowed to add or delete the original text at will，Do not sacrifice the original meaning of Buddhist scriptures in order to satisfy readers。The so-called "three difficulties"，That is, "Prajna Sutra"，Three Hearts，Performed by Covered Face。Saint Biyinshi，Times and customs change，Erdelete Yagu，To suit today's times，It’s not easy；The difference between stupidity and wisdom，Saint Level，I want to speak even though I am a thousand years old，The messenger joins Bai Wangxia Mosu，Er is not easy；Ananda’s Sutra，Not long after visiting Buddha，Venerable Maha Kasyapa ordered five hundred and six passages，Die Cha Di Shu；A thousand years away now，Just judge based on what is close to home，That Arahant is so cautious，This life and death are as ordinary as this，How brave are those who don’t know the law？Three things are not easy。”It talks about the context of the times、Reasons such as changes in readers and the translator’s own quality，Difficulties in Bible bet365 withdrawal。If you say，The focus of "Five Lost Origins" is the spatiality of bet365 withdrawal，Then the focus of "Three Buyi" is the temporality of bet365 withdrawal，The combination of the two vividly reflects Daoan’s superb bet365 withdrawal thinking，Established the basic principles for the bet365 withdrawal of Buddhist scriptures at that time。

However，The "five lost roots" and "three difficulties" are not just simple bet365 withdrawal principles。Considering the historical situation and the background of the times when the relevant "principles" were proposed，The introduction of "five lost roots" and "three difficulties" seems to have more hermeneutic effect。The era when Dao An lived，The rise of metaphysics，The "Tao" of Lao and Zhuang, explained by Wang Bi and others, appears more in the image of "nothing" in front of the world，The idea of ​​“nothingness” is quite popular in society。Daoan knows it well，To enable Buddhism to spread in China，It must be adapted to the local culture of the times，So he introduced mystery into explanation，Using the metaphysics of Wei and Jin Dynasties、Basic concepts of existence and non-existence，From an ontological perspective，To understand、Explanation and elucidation of Buddhism。At the same time，Daoan still has his own ambitions in life，Want to borrow the Zen philosophy of “joining the world”，Solving people’s faith issues in the form of “reverence”，Emphasis on the so-called "opening of things and accomplishing things" in Buddhism，That is, "make the world forget self"。So，His bet365 withdrawal theory will naturally inject certain "philosophical" elements。

You can ask，What is the "origin" in the "Five Lost Origins"？In general terms，The "original text" in bet365 withdrawal activities refers to the "original text"，But the original text includes both content and form。Although Daoan is in the discussion of "losing his roots"，Finally locate "origin" in "purpose" and "meaning"，The original content and meaning of Buddhist scriptures。But he emphasized，Syntax、Text、Style is a "meaningful form" of Buddhist scriptures，Deleting without bet365 withdrawal also means "lost original"，Abandoning these means losing the true nature of Buddhist scriptures。In other words，In Buddhist scripture bet365 withdrawal，The true meaning of the original text is far more important than the readers’ habits。This can actually be understood as a kind of consistency between words and meaning、The linguistic philosophy of identity of text and quality—form is content，Losing form means losing content。This is also in line with the idea of ​​​​"no matter what you value" - the ontology is a non-specific、Existence beyond concepts。Buddhist bet365 withdrawal，It embodies two different discourses、Dialogue between cultures，The "loss" and "not loss" of "ben" obviously involve the interpretation and understanding of language，In abstract speculation，The hermeneutic properties of bet365 withdrawal are amplified。

Look at "Three Difficulties" again，Literally understood，The emphasis is not to adapt the past to the present easily、Don’t replace the shallow with the deep、Don’t make assumptions about the original scriptures etc.。But if you taste it carefully, you can see the clues: the first sentence is "The heart of the three reaches of the Prajna Sutra"，Performed by Covered Face"，In terms of inheriting the "five lost roots"，Highlighting the significance of Buddhist scriptures has universal adaptability，"The performance of the cover" can allow different people in different eras to understand the true meaning of the universe and life；The two sentences emphasize that "the saint must respond to the time"，That is, the interpretation of Buddhist teachings should adapt to the times；The key point of the three sentences is "I want to speak even though I am a thousand years old，The messenger and the descendants of Baiwang are the last vulgar people”，That is, the interpretation of the meaning of Buddhist scriptures must be popularized、Popular；The character of the person who explains the truth in four sentences，That is to say, be in awe、Advance despite difficulties。The bet365 withdrawal of Buddhist scriptures is not only “to spread the language of the four directions”，It is also a "word that lasts for thousands of years"，And govern the original meaning of the classics、Multiple contents such as readers’ understanding。So，The practical significance of translating Buddhist scriptures is also revealed - allowing the world to recognize the truth of the "unchangeable" nature of the Buddha。

Dao'an's "five lost roots" and "three difficulties" have far-reaching influence。From the late Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties，Faxian、Fa Yong、Zhiyan and other monks，It is in accordance with the "Chinese-style" bet365 withdrawal and interpretation principles pioneered by Daoan，After traveling westward to obtain Buddhist scriptures，Break the Brahma Monk、Monk Hu’s monopoly on Bible bet365 withdrawal，Without losing the original meaning of Buddhist scriptures，Use "Chinese" to say "Sanskrit"，Let Indian Buddhist scriptures enter a new language world through bet365 withdrawal，Let Buddhist teachings enter the daily life of Chinese Buddhists through explanations。Since then，The bet365 withdrawal of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese is chaotic and disorderly，The uneven quality of translations has been alleviated to some extent。More importantly，Chinese Buddhist hermeneutics also ushered in its initial paradigm。

　(Author’s unit: School of Marxism, Heilongjiang University)