The popular view of the academic world thinks，"Holy" was originally an ordinary concept，Gradually myths after the Warring States Period，and form the concept of saints。Ruqing people Zhu Junsheng said: "The so -called saint before the Spring and Autumn Period，Tongren also。... The so -called saint after the Warring States Period，The virtual name that respects also。"(" Saying Wensong Training Sound ") Gu Jiegang once wrote an article with" Evolution of "Sacred", "Sage" concept and meaning "，The word "holy" in "Shangshu" and "Book of Songs" is explained as "the meaning of smart and capable，No mystery "，I believe that the sage in "Zuo Zhuan" "refers to the people who know and Mingde"，"Holy" in "Mandarin" has no lofty meaning，"It's just ordinary smart people"。Just in the late Spring and Autumn Period of the Warring States Period，Due to frequent wars, the general public has fallen into the deep water，Urgently need a great figure leader to end the war，Create a new situation of history。"In the minds of people at the time，This great character，is ‘sage’，So the concept of the sage becomes very lofty，and gradually develop in the direction of mystery and mystery。"These statements are more for subjective judgment，No sanctification in the classics、Do a detailed investigation，It cannot be established。Therefore, it is necessary。

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According to scholar research，"Holy" has appeared in Oracle，From "mouth" from "Ear"，Generally used as "Listen" or "Sound"。This is because of "listening", "holy", "sound" three -character mean，Therefore, the word is expressed in one word。"Speaking Words": "Holy，​​Tongye。"Duan Yu's Note:" Hong Fan "said:‘ Rui Zuo Sheng。，Also said to be sacred。"also said:" Customs "Bet365 lotto review said:‘ sanctuary，Sound also。声 声 声。"Li Xiaoding's" Ji Wen Jie Zi Ji Ji "said:" The first friendship of the Holy is the keenness of the auditory power，Therefore, the extension of the training ‘through’; the meaning of the saint，Also extended。"Japanese scholar Shirakawa Jing believes，"Port" in the word "Holy (Holy)"，is a vessel for storage and prayer，The original meaning of the Holy is to pray to God, Listen to God's response and revelation。Bai's analysis of glyph may not be established，But he believes that the original intention of the Holy is God，Listening to God's Voice，It is not unreasonable。Cover the ancient times，God occupies an important position in people's life，All behavioral activities must take advantage of God。

"Mandarin · Chu language 4" records "ancient people and gods are not mixed"，"Its intelligence is up and down，Its Holy Energy Guangyuan Xuanlang "，"If so, then the gods fall，In the male said，Witch in the Own Witch "。Visible，The main function of the witch in ancient times is to convey information between God and Man，Forecasting good and bad，Guiding Personnel，and "Holy" is one of the important qualities of the witch。Wei Zhao Note: "Holy，​​Tongye。"Special ability to communicate with God，After expanded to everything，This is what Zheng Xuan said, "The Saint of Nothing in things" ("Shang Shu · Hong Fan" Note)，That is, Duan Yubai said, "Everything is proficient，Also known as the Holy "。The "things" here can actually be divided into three aspects: one is God，Including the ability to predict good and bad; the second is to cultivate morality、Personality; the third is to cultivate clever、Wisdom。I did "be proficient in things" in these three aspects，can be called Holy。The meaning of saints in the Book of Songs，Mainly these three types。If it is used as the first meaning，"Saint，Shi Feng Ruo "(" Shang Shu · Hong Fan ")，means the king Shengming，bet365 live casino games He will arrive on time。The sacred here refers to the mysterious ability of the heavenly human induction。Used as a second meaning，"Only Shengsheng is mad，Only Cross -Comer is the Holy "(" Multi -Party ")，means that the saint does not read its sanctification and is mad，Madman reads the Holy as holy，The difference between "holy" and "madness" lies in between "thought" and "no thought"，and Saint mainly refers to the character、Dexing。As for the third usage，"Five Things" recorded in "Shang Shu · Hong Fan" is "Si Yue Rui ... Rui Zuo Sheng"，The "holy" here is the meaning of clever and wise。It is worth noting that，"Hong Fan" "Five Things" "Listen to Cong ... Cong Mao Zhi"，It is not listening to the Holy Phase，but thinking，Saint has risen from the keenness of hearing to the wisdom of thinking。

　　Personalization of Holy

"Saint" in "Shang Shu"，"Sage" in the Book of Songs，But in "Zuo Zhuan" and "Mandarin", a large number of "saints" use，There are more than 12 and 17 times respectively。The meaning of these saints is roughly equivalent to the three usages of the above holy，Is the personality of the Holy，But the content has developed again，The meaning of the sage as an outstanding politician begins to highlight，Usage of the Holy King。

equivalent to the first usage，For example, "Zuo Zhuan · Xianggong Twenty -two Years" called the doctor of Lu Guo Zang Wuzhong (Zang Sun) with the reputation of the sage，Once he made an ambassador to Jin Kingdom，Encountered heavy rain，Just passing by Lu Guoyi，Go to visit the doctor Yushu。"Uncle Royal is in its eup，Drinking "，Ricknate，Come when I drink alcohol，What saint! Come in the rain again，Not even saints。The sage here refers to the unknown prophet，People who can predict the future。According to "Zuo Zhuan · Zhaogong Four Years"，Big hail under the country，Governance Ji Wuzi asked Shen Feng，Can it prevent hail? Yue said: "The saint is above，bet365 Play online games hailless。Although there are，Not disaster。"The sage here is probably a person like the witch can be able to call the wind and rain。but but，With the consciousness of rationality，The saint in the sense of this "God" gradually micro，less number of times，Basically withdrawn from the historical stage。According to "Zuo Zhuan · Ai Gong 18 Years"，King Chu Hui uses the coach、Deputy Commander does not need to divine divination，Gentleman praises "Hui Wang Zhizhi"，Knowing people make good use of，Know the aspirations of others，and quoted "Zhi": "‘ the sage is not annoying 筮 '筮 筮 筮 筮 筮 筮，Hui Wang Qi Qi。"" "related to it，Another kind of saint who observes heaven began to appear。"Mandarin · Vietnamese Language" Fan Ye said: "Heaven，Heaven and Earth shape。People are self -reliant，Heaven and Earth shape，The sage is made by it。How do people act，What kind of signs are displayed in the world，The sage completes the big event according to the sign of the heaven and earth。"Sky" here has some mysterious ingredients，but mainly refers to the law of nature。That is Fan Ye said: "The husband and saint are doing it at any time，It is time to keep time。Not doing it in the sky，Ephesians (Wei Zhao Note: ‘attacker is a guest’);，The beginning of Ephesians (Wei Zhao Note: ‘First Move the beginning’。"The sage acts along the time，It is called Shou Shi。There is no natural disaster for the other party，Don’t launch an offense; the other party is not disaster，Don’t provoke the incident。Therefore, "saint because of heaven" mainly refers，"Heaven" is mainly the sky of nature。In addition，"Zuo Zhuan" and "Mandarin" saint，More refers to a moral model、Ideal personality。"Mandarin · Zhou Yuzhong" Shan Xianggong said: "Lady sex，Do not build it，Do not build it。Seeking a person，It has a lot of suppression，Therefore, the sage is expensive。"The nature of people bet365 live casino games hopes to surpass the superior，So you cannot hide their strengths。"Seeking to cover people with self -high" (Wei Zhao Note)，It will inevitably cause suppression to the lower part，This is a sage with the messenger of the courtesy。"Zuo Zhuan · Zhaogong Seven Years" Mencius said: "I will hear that there will be a master of Kong Qiu，After the sage, also，Destroyed in Song。"The sage here refers to Confucius's ancestor Father、Father is the father。Father He asked his brother Song Li Gong，Zhengcao Father is Shi Song Dai Gong、Wu Gong、Xuangong Three Dynasties，"Three Destiny Qizheng (Note: Tong‘ Gong ’)，It is called a saint for its respectful virtue。

　The sage of the sage

"Zuo Zhuan" and "Mandarin" another phenomenon worthy of attention is the sage's lofty、Saint，The sage is not only smart、Wisdom，And is a political outstanding figure，It can even refer to the first king。"Only saints can be unprepared outside，Premium，Wai Ning must have internal worry。"(" Zuo Chuan · Cheng Gong 16 ") Only saints can achieve no internal and external problems。"Don't follow it，Premium，Therefore, the sage Shude is eliminated by the people。"" ("Mandarin · Zhou Yu") The sage can do virtue and people，Eliminate the hidden dangers of disobedience to the policy。"Mandarin · Chu Langu" is called Wuding "Make the Elephant Saint"，Is Yi Yin as a sage。"Zuo Zhuan · Chenggong Fourteen Years" quotes the gentleman: "The" Spring and Autumn "，Micro -display，Zhi Endo，Gan and become chapter，Do not dirty，Punish evil and persuade good，Non -saint，Who can repair it? "This is a sage with" Spring and Autumn "。The identity of these saints is more complicated，But all have some special talent and ability，It is developed from the third meaning of the Holy。

In "Shangshu" and "Book of Songs"，The most lofty in the world、The Sacred man is the first king，When the king must not only imitate the first Bet365 lotto review king，Also "Ke Congzheng's Lie", "Shao Fu Xian's Great Career" ("Shang Shu · Hong Fan")。The pioneer in "Poetry" and "Book" generally does not call the King of the Holy King and Kings，As "Xiawuwei Zhou，The King of the World "(" The Book of Songs · Xiawu ")，"In the former Yin Xian Zhe" ("Shang Shu · Jiu Ji")。"Zuo Zhuan" and "Mandarin" appears as examples of saints refer to the first king，For example, "Zuo Zhuan · Xianggong 29 Years" Wu Guozi Ji Zha Lai La La Ling Question，Request to watch the dance of the Zhou Dynasty、Music。When I saw "Shao" belonging to Shangtang，He said with emotion: "The sage's Hong also，and still have morality，The difficulty of the sage also。"It is clear that the Shang Tang is a saint，But I think there are still shortcomings，​​So it is difficult to really become a saint。"Mandarin · Zhou Yu": "The first king's system also，Dajun，Not stone。Law quantification and balance, so it is born，Small device use it out of，Therefore, the sage is cautious。"The sage here is like the king of Shi Shi，Different from the ancestors，But should follow the king。Therefore，But more refers to those who have political talents or political skills。"Zuo Zhuan" and "Mandarin", although the sage refers to the use of the first king, there are not many cases，But the use of the Holy King is more common。"Fumin，The Lord of God also。It is the first to become the people with the saint king and then committed to God。"(" Zuo Zhuan · Gong Gong Six Years ")" The place of the former king of the past，Choose barren soil，It is used to work for the people，Therefore, Wang Tianxia。"(" Mandarin · Lu Ling ")" In the past，Holy King's rule of the world also，Participate in its country and Wu Qi。"(" Qi Yu ") Although the" Holy Kings "here adds" past "and" past "，But more refers to an ideal king，It is different from the specific king in history.。If you use the saints to refer to the first king in history，Generally called "Shengsheng"bet365 Play online games 。"Lu Lingu" Remember the twelve articles of "Shang Song" in the "Shang Song", "The Legend of the Shengwang，I still dare not specifically，Called ‘Since ancient times’。"The Shengwang teaches people respect，Dare to say that these poems are created by yourself，Instead, it is called it since ancient times。The "first holy king" here is the first king of Yin。

Look at the previous analysis，The mainstream view of academic circles represented by Gu Jiegang is unable to be established。Holy meaning is not only very rich，There is something God、Moral Personality、Smart and Wisdom Yi，And the status of the sage has continued to increase，The incarnation of political ideals，Status similar to king，but by no means ordinary smart people。The meaning of the Saints，Can't just stay on the source of the word，You also need to understand the changes in the meaning in actual use。

　(Author Unit: National College of Renmin University of China)