Religious reform is an extremely important chapter in modern European history。Many traditional historical narratives，The term "religious reform" summarizes all historical events that occurred in Christian Europe from the end of the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century。This has a certain misleading，guide readers to everything that happened during this historical period，Understanding is based on religious changes，Relatively ignore the continuity of the historical process itself，and including politics、Economy、Culture、Technology、Geography and climate, the overall evolution of society, including many elements，Religion is just one of the elements in this whole。"Religious Reform" in Chinese，The form of the "religion" element is more prominent than the form of the term in the Western language，Therefore, it is more likely to cause misleading。Another common understanding of religious reform bias，It is related to it: within the scope of the "religious" reform of the narrow sense，It is easier for people to see the innovation of theologians and ideological leaders with the spirit of reform，and a large number of "material" content in the historical process is omitted。The objective conditions of historical research restrictions have exacerbated this situation。The literature that records the change of concept is better saved compared to the historical materials of other material forms，Most historical narratives have to be based on the history of conceptual history to build a causal chain on the timeline- "Theological Revolution" caused "religious reform"，"Religious Reform" brings "Western Modern Transformation"。This is an over -simplified explanation model。

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Research on the history of religious reform in recent years，With the support of new historical materials and new academic methodology，Consciously corrected the above two bet365 best casino games tendencies。Where，The main clue is to explain the multi -meaning of "religious reform"。In English academic literature，First letters、The prefix is ​​the "The Reformation" of the Crown Word, which is gradually replaced by other terms，Such as the lower letters of the letter、"Reformations"，or a more vague word "Reform"，All new generations of scholars try to get rid of the "the reformation" attempts for a long explanation of the traditional constraints。Another important clue is no longer clearly specify the beginning and end time point of the reform。Religious reforms with a relatively clear time logo，It's just a phased reform in certain countries or regions，Once many non -mainstream new teaching reforms are made，and Catholic Church's own reform efforts are also incorporated into a complete history of religious reform，Then the fixed time window is no longer applicable。Before the starting point,，Push after the end of the end，It means the inspection of "long -distance vision" for "religious reform"，The particularity of the 16th century as the "Reform Century" was weakened。

The interaction of the two clues is quite interesting: the long -distance field of vision comes from the emphasis on the multi -meaning of religious reform，But after the timeline is stretched，Different time、The difference between different reform roads in different places seems to be no longer so prominent，They can be compared with each other、The clues of each other's reference have become more。For example，"top -down" political reform dominated by secular power，The people's sports -type belief revolution that and the "bottom -up"，There is no clear segmentation between the two，They have always coexist，Just becoming a relative dominant force in different time periods。More，In the confrontation between Protestant and Catholicism，The purpose of both parties is completely opposite，But the technical means of resolution are not essentially different。These technical means are not affected by sect ideology，Instead of politics in modern Europe、Economic and cultural conditions bet365 live casino games Decided，Including population growth、Popularization of basic education、Development of printing and publishing industry、Scientific Revolution、Matures of various languages、The generation of modern nation -states，and the emergence of the earliest batch of colonial empires。If traditional historical narrative uses "religious reform" to explain the early European Europe，So the new research history of religious reform tends to use "how modern times" to explain religious reforms，The latter is more in line with the academic method of the historical view of materialism。

On the choice of historical materials，New generation scholars attach more importance to the people、Archives at the grassroots level，Including a church inspection report、Division deacon records、Church account、Will、Donation details and usage、Litigation Case Paper，etc.，They are not recorded by politicians and preachers，but the change of the religious lifestyle of the people。Another，such as visual and music art; religious etiquette; people's cognition of witchcraft; family、Marriage concepts and women's social status; the source class and education level of the clergy ...，The proportion of the study of religious reform history is getting higher and higher。Correspondingly，Discussion led by the theological concept of the theological concept is declining。

A history of religious reform，is the derivative of each other、Fighting and the history of the coexistence method in the end，The answer to these questions is outside the religion itself，Details reflected in religious talks、Complex reached，and the formulation and implementation of related laws and regulations。The theological Revolution depends on the new difference of thought，Real religious life must be based on "seeking same -deposit differences"，that is, the practice reconciliation of different theological basis is based on different sects。Religious tolerance is not the ideological contribution of the theologians，but after the long -term violent conflict of all parties，Through long and difficult negotiations，Bet365 app download Consensus reached on the basis of game and compromise。Political and legal decision -making on the impact of most people's religious life，Far more than difficult theological speculation。

　　Evaluation of the value of religious reform

These new research progress，Further reveals the complexity of the term "religious reform" in the term。The source of historical materials and the diversification of the explanation model，It also shows that the value assessment of contemporary people on "religious reform" is intensified。Actually，Research on the history of many new religious reforms，Initial motivation is the difference in values，Some scholars are presets of the position of "progressiveness" on the "progressiveness" because of rejecting traditional historical narratives，Only started to collect new historical materials、Follow the new topic to start，accumulate resources for the new historical description。

The 1990s，This academic movement is called "Revisionist" in the English academic community，The new historical view they built is called the "correction" history view。"Amendment" was first applied to the study of the history of the British internal war，A group of scholars do not recognize that the parliamentary system is "advanced ideology"，Proposal using faction struggles rather than faith conflict to explain the evolution of the political pattern。Apply the perspective of "correction" on the study of the history of religious reform in Britain，The non -religiousness of the reform is obvious: it is political reform to create a new religion，instead of new beliefs trigger religious reform。One does not preset a strong religious movement，History of Protestant reform on the premise of Catholic collapse，becomes not only possible，and necessary。After entering the 21st century，"Amendment" school criticism has weakened，But their achievements were absorbed by the younger generation of scholars、Internalization，In the field of public communication, it also has a great impact on non -academic readers。The "progressiveness" of Protestantism is decrealed，Its negative effects have bet365 live casino games greater discussion space。

New teaching reform caused a large -scale damage to the cultural heritage of traditional religious material and cultural heritage，Religious conflict orders in the 16th to 17th centuries of Christian Europe have fallen into continuous、Wars with extremely high intensity，The era of religious reform is one of the periods when human history and physical violence are extremely serious，These are the unavoidable contents of today's history of religious reform。The academic historical context behind it，First, the persuasive persuasion of traditional new religion history weakened，Second, the proportion of Catholic reform in the overall research history of religious reform continues to rise。"Religious Reform" cannot only be understood as the Protestant Protestant's protest and innovation of Catholicism，Catholic church reform, which is traditionally crowned by "anti -reform" -it is largely large extent as the Catholic church self -adjustment to adapt to the efforts of the times，It is not necessarily the opposite of Protestantism -also the meaning of the question of "religious reform"，"Reform" that constitutes a plural form is an indispensable requirement。Otherwise，"Religious Reform" is just another big separatist movement in Christian history，The explanation of the "Western Modern Transformation" that has been weakened will be lost。

should be recognized，The history of traditional new religion describes the mainstream of the academic discourse for a long time，Rather than it is based on the comprehensive study theory testimony，It is better to say that it is some representative new religion -although their representative qualifications have never been carefully reviewed -the advantage of the international political and economic field。Protestant and economic and political system that has been identified as the result，Liberation with personal、Cause and effect of national prosperity and social progress，It has a strong persuasion in the sense of sense。Inevanties，Change of the international political and economic pattern，Requires Bet365 app download a new generation of scholars is not just at the theoretical level，You need to contact today's social reality to reflect on the limitations of traditional historical narratives。With simple conceptual history research turned to in -depth discussion of church history and social history，"The success of reform is a self -proof of advanced religion" position preset，Even if it has not been completely overturned，At least it also needs much more detailed in -depth demonstration。

　　Difficulties and advantages of related Chinese discussions

Discuss "Religious Reform" in the Chinese context，The first thing to face is the obstacle caused by this Chinese term itself: it has defined "reform" as "religion"，The bias of this understanding has been explained the previous article。Chinese words and grammar rules，It also determines that it is difficult for us to adjust through noun forms (such as Reformations、Reform) The subtle changes of the meaning of the term。The second difficulty is，Thanks to the increasing prosperity of China since the reform and opening up，Most Chinese readers today ’s feelings of“ reform ”are very positive and positive，"Reform" is equal to "progress" is one of the basic consensus of Chinese society，It is difficult for us to ask Chinese readers to realize，Christian Europe that occurred in religious reforms，An impulse to the original religion of religion is its initial motivation，Its fundamental demand is anti -worldization、Anti -science、Anti -reason，It has nothing to do with "people being liberated from the god rights"。

On the other hand，Christianity in contemporary China，The unique form of nationalization can be spared to avoid fragmented and sectarian conflicts in the era of western churches from the era of religious reform。The historical tradition of China determines that "religion" is never the decisive factor in social development and change，China has relatively rich cultural resources and political means to manage religious risks。Since the founding of New China，Education of Marxist Materials History, which popularizes the general public，Make it difficult to explain the explanation logic bet365 Play online games of society as a whole with religious elements。On the other hand, western academic circles and public cognition，Putting modernization of modernization is that religious reform is still one of the theoretical paradigms of traffic，Just as the binding of religious reform and the British and American new liberal system，Learning theory vulnerability，But it is still a difficult concept idol。

In view of this，We can say，In the process of building a new religious theory discourse system，​​How to discuss and evaluate religious reforms for Chinese scholars，It has important indicator significance。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Religious Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)