Since the reform and opening up，An important theoretical achievement obtained by the research of Marxist philosophy is，The basic status of practice is valued，People understand Marxist philosophy as "practical materialism"。But，On the question of how to understand the physical materialism，Scholars have greater theoretical differences。The core of this difference is，How to view the basic principle of the first nature of the material。People’s controversy is mainly concentrated in practice first，Still material first。The reason why the argument cannot reach some of this issue on this issue，Because both parties discuss this problem on the basis of acknowledging the separation of physical and spiritual separation，and this premise itself needs to be reflected。

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Engels pointed out when discussing the basic questions of philosophy，The relationship between thinking and existence is a major basic problem of modern philosophy。Then he immediately pointed out the anthropology background of this basic problem，That is, people in the ancient times were affected by dreams，So they thought，Their thinking and feeling are not their bodies' activities，Instead of seeing it as the activity of their soul。This means，Primitive people have opposed their thinking and physical body，Take sensation and thinking as an activity independent of the flesh。On the basis of this opposition，People further propose spirit and nature、The relationship between the relationship and existence。This is the highest question of all philosophy。Engelster Don’t emphasize，The "root is the concept of ignorance in the obscure era"。The opposition between materialism and idealism is to start with this "ignorance concept"，Only in modern philosophy，This question only obtains "its complete meaning"。This complete meaning includes two aspects: one，Thinking and existence is the first sex; the second，Can thinking can grasp existence。

This idea of ​​Engels is familiar to us，But how do we grasp this idea comprehensively and accurately? We saw，Engels emphasizes what the first sexual problem of thinking and existing.。This means，The discussion about this problem is wrong in the root of ideology，and modern philosophy inherit this basic wrong concept。Of bet365 Play online games course，The concept of this error is not unfounded，That is, thinking and feeling can indeed not be subject to meat system to a certain extent。From this perspective，This wrong concept should be recognized in a certain sense。Since this wrong concept is recognized within a certain limit，Then we can analyze the history of philosophy accordingly。So，Various ideas in the history of philosophy can be distinguished into two factions，One is materialism，One is idealism。Engelster Don’t emphasize，"The two terms of idealism and materialism have no other meaning，They cannot be used here in other senses "。This means，If we accept the opposition of thinking and existence，So there must be opposition from materialism and idealism here。In this opposition，The thoughts of Marx and Engels belong to materialism，This is no doubt。

From the analysis of Engels，We see，The opposition of thinking and existence is based on the separation of physical and spiritual separation。Engels started from the phenomenon of analysis，Start with the wrong concept of primitive people。Actually，This separation is not just a thinking phenomenon，And the basic phenomenon of human survival。In the analysis of the "prehistoric history" of the main body from Adono and Hawkheimer in the "Enlightenment Dialectics"，We know that human beings must separate their physical body and spirit to a certain extent for survival，Even opposite。The myths they used to return to Hometown to return to their hometowns expressed this idea in the metaphor。Odshus encountered a sea demon Siren in the process of returning home。Siren's singing is particularly beautiful，Anyone who heard its singing，All will be tempting and buried in the sea。Odshus' method is to let sailors tie him on the mast，and sailors blocked their ears。The meaning of this story is，People want to survive，It is necessary to avoid being tempting naturally，You must restrain your body。In other words，People must bind their own flesh in their own efforts in their own efforts。If there is no such restraint，People will become animals，Human civilization will lose。Actually，In life practice，We can also see，Human beings must restrain their own physical nature for survival，and use the technical method to control nature，This is the inevitable requirement of civilization。It can be said，The opposition between the flesh and spirit establishes the basis of the entire human civilization，to modern times，People establish this opposition as a basic Bet365 app download principle，This is the main opposition。The opposition between materialism and idealism is the basis of this basis。Nailing this opposition，The opposition between materialism and idealism in this sense is of course wrong。

　　Marxism pursue the reconciliation of physical and spiritual

but，It is also wrong to solidify this opposition and use it as the only way to survive in human beings。The opposition between the flesh and spirit is just one aspect of human survival。Any person，Even if he is cold，Also must make your body and spiritual realization of reconciliation。The "reconciliation" mentioned here，The natural combination between the body and the spirit is not the same thing。Human consciousness is always combined with the flesh，Consciousness without the body。If anyone thinks it，Consciousness can exist from the flesh，So this is idealism，is a kind of "ignorance concept"。but，If you do not recognize the conflict between the flesh and consciousness，Also ignorance。If human consciousness and body are completely consistent，Then there is no difference between people and animals。Therefore，Understanding people as natural unity of physical and spiritual is wrong。From this perspective，The idealism that advocates the spirit can be separated from the flesh, although it is a kind of "ignorance concept"，But it also includes a deep understanding of human civilization。

The human body and spirit are not naturally unified，It contains the separation and opposition between the flesh and spirit。The most obvious sign of this opposition is that people will commit suicide，and only people will commit suicide。Obviously，When a person confronts his flesh with the spirit of extreme opposition，People’s actions will move towards self -harm。Analysis of the Dialectics of the Enlightenment，It is because of the opposition of physical and spiritual，The spirit of a person has become a spirit with the rationality of the tool。This spirit will drive the physical activity of the physical needs。This kind of physical activity even hurts people。For example，A person is reluctant to spend some money to eat a meal in order to buy a certain brand -name leather bag。This is the human self -holding move to self -harm。When the opposition between the flesh and the spirit becomes the core of the civilization，The entire country and even the entire human will ignore this basic truth。Obviously，Human beings cannot confront the flesh and spirit，Can't simply unify the two，This needs to realize the reconciliation of physical and spiritual。This reconciliation is an inevitable requirement Bet365 lotto review for the development of human civilization。Marx keenly discovered this trend existing in human civilization。In "The Manuscript of Economics of 1844"，He left many ideas about physical and mental reconciliation。When talking about communism, Marx said: "This communism，As a complete naturalism，equal to humanitarian，as a complete humanitarianist，equal to naturalism，It is between people and nature，The real solution of contradictions between people。"People themselves are naturally natural。The resolution of contradiction between people and nature of Marx and nature also contains the resolution of the natural contradictions of people and his own。Marx understands the resolution of the natural contradictions of man and his own as "human nature"。When a person and his own natural contradiction are resolved，The natural behavior of a person will be "human"; the natural needs of man become human needs; the existence of human nature will become the existence of human nature。Obviously，For Marx，The human body and spirit are both conflicting，It is also a unified mutual。There is a dialectical method here，The unity of the opposition between human body and spirit。This oppositional unity is the reconciliation of human body and spirit。

Since the human body and spirit cannot be completely opposed or unified，but the unity of the opposition，So we admit that the physical and mental opposition，It is necessary to recognize the first sex of the material，This is materialism。but，This materialism cannot be completely bound to the opposition between the body and spirit。Otherwise，We are caught in a "ignorance concept"。Inevanties，If we simply unify the body and spirit，Then we will go to barbaric。Marxist philosophy is dialectical materialism，The core is to see the unity of opposition between the flesh and the spirit。When dialectical materialism understands the relationship between the flesh and the spirit from the perspective of this dialectics，Dialectical materialism and practical materialism are essentially consistent。This is because of，When the physical and spiritual reconciliation，The things that the spirit reflected will also be implemented on the flesh。The spirit will not be satisfied with the mystery that is separated from the flesh，and always dedicated to putting the thoughtful things into practice。

Marx pointed out in "German Ideology"，Communists are "Materialists of Practice"。and communism is the materialism of physical and mental reconciliation。Although this materialism bet365 best casino games emphasizes when acknowledging the opposition between the flesh and the spirit，"The external nature of the outside world will still keep it still"，But it will not bind itself in this natural priority framework，It will not allow people to fully obey the laws of nature (or natural commands)，Instead, it is necessary to make the body and nature achieve reconciliation，That is, in practice, the natural transformation of its own nature also transforms external nature。The reason why people become people，It is because he has achieved the reconciliation of physical and spiritual，and this kind of reconciliation is only possible in practice。or，Only the talents will measure how to act，Is it according to the spiritual requirements or according to the requirements of the flesh，Or the requirements for compromising between the two。In this sense,，People who do practical activities are not people in the natural sense，It is not the subject of pure spiritual sense，but a person who has a reconciliation of flesh and spirit。The "living person" understood by Marx is such a person who conflicts with each other and unified each other。Such talents are living people，is the person who is human。This is the "practical subject" emphasized by Marx。

　Deepen the understanding of materialist thought from the perspective of physical and spiritual reconciliation

Practical materialism and dialectical materialism are essentially consistent，All understand materialism from the perspective of physical and spiritual reconciliation。Understand Marx's materialist thought from this perspective，We can get many new concepts。For example，In "German Ideology"，Marx criticized the youth Hegel School。He said: "The youth Hegel Pai Xuan imaginaryrs are all so -called 'shocking the world' words，But is the biggest conservative。If you say，The youngest among them claims to fight for ‘words’ just，Then express their activity exactly。"This means，Young Hegel is idealist，They have limited people’s activities in the field of ideology，The criticism of the society at that time was just a struggle against words。Here，People must ask，Isn't Marx using "words" when criticizing the youth Hegel? When Marx criticized the German society at the time，Aren't you expressing your own thoughts? When people confront their physical body and spirit，So people's words，The spiritual activity of a person has nothing to do with the body。The error of the youth Hegel faction is not just that they just use discourse to criticize society。All society must have the nature of the discourse，Marx set up a prerequisite when criticizing Bet365 app download the youth Hegel School，that is, they are "Xuansai"，is to separate the flesh from the spirit、The opposite person。and Marx once called the philosophy they created as "the materialism of practice"，So he is naturally the materialist of practice。This means，Although Marx also confronts the flesh and spirit to a certain extent，Also criticize capitalism with words，But at the same time do not forget to combine the body and spirit，and participate in actual operations。The premise of Marx's practical materialism is the reconciliation of physical and spiritual。If you cannot understand Marx's thought from the perspective of physical and spiritual reconciliation，So our understanding of Marx's thoughts always stays on the surface。For example，Marx often talks about "reality" in his argument，Hegel also talked about "reality"。So，The "reality" mentioned in Marx and "reality" said by Hegel，Where is the difference? Marx’s "reality" is a reality based on physical and spiritual reconciliation。This reality is not just a spiritual thing，and combined with the body，It is to implement it in life。If we analyze the differences here from the opposite of only name theory and realism，It is even more clear。Only the name of the famous theory thinks，Words are purely symbols，Really emphasized，The concept expressed in words is real thing。Of course, these two extreme concepts are wrong。From the perspective of dialectics，Words must exceed the concept as the concept，Material things involved in the words。Marx also uses words to express your own thoughts，But the words used by Marx are by no means pure concepts，or pure symbol，Instead of combining thoughts and reality。To combine these two，It must be based on physical and spiritual reconciliation.。We always emphasize the unity of theoretical and practical in the classroom of the school，Emphasize theoretical contact actual situation。But we just gave many examples in verbally，It seems to be through these examples，Theory is associated with actual situation。This is as if a few people often talk about "truth -seeking" at work，But just stay in verbal，and never really put it into practice。From this perspective，The materialism that Marx said in practice is true materialism，Implementation of thought to realistic materialism。

As mentioned earlier，In a sense,，History of human civilization is the history that confronts the flesh and spirit。Only when the body is opposed to the spirit，Talents may promote the power of spirit。If there is bet365 best casino games no spiritual pursuit，Human civilization will go backwards。From this perspective，"Make the world full of love" is undoubtedly the common pursuit of civilization。But，Idealism is based on physical and spiritual opposition。For idealism，This "love" has nothing to do with the flesh，Turning into pure spiritual love。If love becomes pure spiritual love，Then this kind of love will become very cold。A terrible phenomenon that appears in the history of human civilization is that some people slaughter in the name of "love"。In this case，We can better feel the great significance of Marx's thoughts about physical and mental reconciliation，Feel the great meaning of practical materialism。Practical materialism subverts the body and spirit、The philosophical framework of the subject and the object two points，It not only achieves great changes in the history of philosophy，and is a guide for our contemporary social practice。

　(The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy of Huazhong University of Science and Technology)