The issue of free will from the classical period，Continuation of the philosophy of the hospital，The thought world extended to the period of religious reform。early 16th century，Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther start a war on the issue of free will。This argument reflects the dialogue and tension between humanistic and religious reforms at the common level，At the duration level, the changes in European ideological maps during the modern transformation of the Middle Ages，This change has an important impact on the shaping of the concept of modernity。

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When Ilasmo is known as the "King of Humanism", it is famous for Europe，Luther is still a fledgling monk，Professor at the University of Vittersitaet Wittenberg。Facing a heavy crisis in the late Middle Ages，Ilasmo and Luther are aware of the Reform Catholic Church、The importance of the order of the whole faith。Especially when Ilasmo published the Greek New Testament (Novum Instrumentum) in 1516，and then challenge the Bible Wusa Canada Translation (Vulgate), which occupy the authority in the church，The idea of ​​seeking changes is in the form of "Ilasmo's Egg Road Incubation"，Light in Europe。

But，Behind the the same reform requirements of Ilasmo and Luther，But hidden different theological stances，This difference decisively affects the views of the two people's views of freedom。Ilasmo based on humanistic position，The free will of supporting people，It is believed that the human performance behind the degeneration changes to the good under the collaboration of free will and grace，and Luther Bet365 app download denies people with free will，and cancel the possibility of taking the initiative to take the initiative，I believe that only grace can be rescued。Facing Luther's doubt about free will，Ilasmo captured the key significance of this problem in the thoughts of the two，Borrowing "De Libero Arbitrio" in 1524，Challenge the view of Luther's free will。One year later，Luther returns to Ilasmo through "De Servo Arbitrio)，Further clarify your yourological claims。In invisible smoke，Ilasmo and Luther explain the Bible、Free will、Divine Relationships and other issues are expanded，Revealing the ideological differences between the humanist and the religious reformers layer by layer。

On the Binding of the Binding of Freedom and the Binding of the Will with Bible interpretation of the Bible as the beginning，Although Irasso and Luther both agree with the authority of the Bible，But the different interpretation scheme of the Bible will lead the two people's views on the relationship between the free will and the gods and the gods.。Ilasmo attaches importance to the vagueness of the Bible (OBSCURITAS Scripturae，I think the truth contained in the Bible has hidden secrets，Therefore, the reasonable attitude towards the Bible does not use "inadvertent curiosity" to explore its mystery，and should adopt a suspicion of the stand -up suspension judgment，Finally, the right to interpret the church tradition。On the opposite，Luther emphasizes the clearness of the Bible (Claritas Scripturae)，This means，The Bible itself has a clear and self -confident and unscrupulous attribute，Be able to explain yourself。Under this principle，Individuals do not need to rely on the Catholic Church as the agent of the relationship between the gods，but only with faith，It can be operated bet365 Play online games from top to the ground with the help of God's will，Clearly understand and explain the Bible。Leading from the principle of clearness to the principle of clarity，Luther transferred the path of the truth from human words to God's Word，Transfer from church to individual，Transfer from rational to reveal。But，For Ilasmo，Luther deviates from the "assertion" attitude of believing in faith，Actually encouragement of subjective judgment standards with strong uncertainty，The truth obtained by this is not only doubtful，It is easier to destroy the consensus foundation between the reformers and the Catholic Church，Then destroy social order in the late Middle Ages。

　　Free will and the will of being bound

The choice between the sovereignty and the sovereignty of Luther and the sovereignty of Luther，Discretion from the Bible Buried Foreilization，Get fully displayed in the issue of free will。As the founder of the argument，Ilasmo took the lead in defining the free will as "a ability to human will，Rely on this ability，People can be committed to guiding things that will be saved eternally，or depart from these things "。

Ilasmo continues Thomas Aquinas's view of free will，Think of the free choice ability of will and closely related to rationality，Generate from rationality。Similar to reason，The human will affected by the original sin although the tendency of evil with evil，But there is still the opportunity to recover with top -down grace，Therefore, it promotes people to change evil to good。For Luther，The free will defined by Ilasmo confuses the difference between God and God because it can guide or deviate from salvation，While raising the subjectivity of the person while weakening the key meaning of God's grace，As a result, there is a danger of being trapped bet365 live casino games in Pera。But，Ilasmo has established the first position of grace in the opening of "On the will of Freedom"，He regards grace as the fundamental first cause，Acknowledge the decisive role of grace in saving，The human will that lost grace cannot be rescued。At the real level，Free will and grace seem to happen at the same time，But at the logical level，Grace is the first reason，As a free will for the second cause，Its existence and exercise rely entirely on grace，This avoids the trap of Perara'sism。For Ilasmo，Keep positive interaction possibilities for free will and grace，Not only can we lay the foundation for the god -man relationship of "each other"，More consensus between the reformers and the tradition of the church，Finally, the belief order that caught the crisis in the late Middle Ages was rectified。

In the eyes of Luther，The church -centered belief order cannot be adjusted in a gentle way，Rebuilding it through the method of "not this"，The hope of rebuilding is not from bottom to top free will，Can only be delivered from top -down grace。For this，Luther Refute Ilasmo，I think if there is no grace，The will of a person will inevitably be bound by evil place，Falling into an unrealistic dilemma。The opposite of people，Only God has free wills that are not limited by any law or authority，So the free will by Luther is regarded as a "sacred term"，Can only describe God。For people，The will of the fallen behind will inevitably be in sin and cannot be free。The inevitability of Luther referred to here，Not the inevitable inevitable，That is, people are forced to commit crimes in a reluctant state。He thinks，People are facing an constant inevitability，This means，People are voluntarily to make mistakes，Even if the will gives the ability to choose freely，It will also take Bet365 lotto review the initiative to refuse the freedom given by being given。Because people are unable to fight their will from their own strengths，Therefore, this hope can only be pinned on the grace of the grace to the individual's mind。For Ilasmo，The handling of Loude's free will will trigger negative moral pictures，Obstructing an individual to bear moral responsibility。Facing this difficulty，Luther distinguishes spiritual freedom and freedom of the world: in the moral action space involved in daily life，A person's will can freely choose whether to follow moral and legal norms，People have freedom at the world level。But in the theological action space involved in the rescue problem，The will of a person must be under the jurisdiction of the crime，People are not free at the spiritual level。

　　Core differences in the relationship between God and Man

Ilasmo and Luther's different definition of free will，Hidden the key differences between the two when understanding the problem of the relationship between God and man。Ilasmo's positive imagination of humanity based on humanism from the Renaissance，I think people have the image of God。So，The will of the fallen behind can restore freedom with the help of grace，Become a self -determination、The will of self -creation。Ilasmo's affirmation of the free will of people has raised people's subjectivity and dignity，Then it constitutes a positive interaction of the relationship between God and man。

Ilasmo passed a metaphor to explain the possibility of God's interaction: a toddler baby fell because of weak limbs，Father always guards the support for support。Final，Apple symbolizing the saved by his father as a reward of the scholarship in the child's hands。The epitome of the relationship between the father and the son becomes the relationship between the humanism -like bet365 Play online games god and man，Father in God Ru Metaphysics，First of all, the possibility of human beings can be saved，and continue to support humans at the survival level，enable people to make full use of their own free will，Get the final rescue with grace。Ilasmo's free will and God's grace gets reconciliation in the picture of the rescue problem，Then the continuity relationship between God and man who focuses on human sovereignty，The Renaissance historian Charles Trinkaus describes it as a "dialogue" god -man relationship。On the basis of vertical continuity，Ilasmo tried to form a horizontal continuity、Able to be compatible with individual rational ability and moral responsibility and the traditional belief community of the church，From this establishing a way of renovation with humanism。

Compared with Ilasmo's emphasis on people's sovereignty，Luther's sovereignty，The possibility of rejection of people with the help of free will，I think that the individual only rely on the transformation brought by the top -down faith，can get spiritual freedom。In this process，Individuals can bypass the traditional authority of the medieval church，Communicate with God directly through the Bible as a Word of God，Equal individuals clearly highlight from the community of faith，This is a subversion of the value of the medieval church, which has long -term grasping the status of the God -Man Relationship Hub，and then laying a cushion for the formation of modern individuals。Ilasmo and Luther's free will to fight the concept of theological concept，However, during the religious reform period, the revolutionary power of changing European thoughts and beliefs，Not only promotes the gradual transformation of the Middle Ages to the modern community，More through freedom、Reason、Reflection bet365 best casino games of concepts such as religious tolerance and other conclusions of modernity。

　(Author is assistant researcher at the School of Philosophy of Shaanxi Normal University)