1908，The nearly seventy -year -old Peersh was invited to write for "Hebaby Magazine"，The article is called "An argument about God's Reality"。From the perspective of the thesis structure，This is actually a delicate design inner and outer triple argument。Perse thinks，The three constitute together to persuade all kinds of people from rough people to professional scientists、However, a set of deed arguments that the theologian at that time was neglected at that time。

　bet365 Play online games

The theme of this article may make readers who know Porsh because of pragmatism today。Because，Most philosophers are known today，As the most original and most talented thinker that has been produced by the American ideological world to date，Porser is from mathematics、Natural Science and Logic Entering Philosophy Research，The reason why practicalism is different from James, Dewey and others，and are particularly valued by many analytical philosophers，Mainly because of Persh's philosophy has a distinctive scientific temperament and logic.。As an early analysis philosopher as a multiple scientist，Pierr does not seem to pay attention to the mysterious and unrealistic topics such as God，It will not deliberately construct a serious argument for the existence of God's existence。

Not only that，This article is also controversial inside the academic world of Pelos，Especially how to interpret Peror's text and appropriately evaluate the effectiveness of its argument。Although Peloss himself carefully arranged when writing，I even wrote "Replenishment" attached to the end of the text，But due to space limits，More questions involved，Many places where readers are quite critical today，He did not fully discuss。​​Scholars in order to fully understand their writing intentions and demonstration ideas，often quotes texts elsewhere elsewhere to strengthen some demonstration links，Sometimes I also ignore or weaken some of the unknown words in this article，This ultimately leads to different interpretations and evaluations of different scholars' arguments in the text。For example，Some scholars believe that Pierr's self -proclaimed and strong argument is unsuccessful，Obviously deviated from his well -known "pragmatism"; some scholars believe that，Some text expressions in Pierr seem to be mysterious and vague，In fact, it reflects that he has moved towards a more mature ideological system in his later years，Including bet365 best casino games his re -explanation of the standards of pragmatism and the metaphysics of pragmatism and metaphysics、Religious、Ethics and other relations explanations。It is in this sense，This article can be regarded as "Ronalt Ink Test" for Pelos Scholars "。

but but，A creative genius like Pelos，Whether it is life or behind，There has always been controversy。"An Analysis of the Reality of God" is like a typical sample of Pelos's hybrid draft。As a mirror，We can see how Peloss ’s famous ideological topics (such as" pragmatism "," critical common sense "," scientific logic ") can be repeated or expanded，You can also see how he puts mathematics、Research results and metaphysics of natural science and logic、Ethics、Aesthetics and other fusion becomes a system。Of course，I also saw a attempt of his theoretically raising science and religion。Carefully grasp the early and late thoughts of Pelos、The tension between theoretical research and practical care，helps us understand the unique contribution of Pelos' thoughts to Peloma's thoughts。This contribution is not just the advocate of James as the advocate of pragmatism，More involving his innovation in the concept of reasoning and logic。

　　The content of triple argument

Master knows，The argumentation of God in the history of philosophy is endless。Pierr does not want to add a new demonstration，I don't think his argument is the last or best appreciation for religious people。The reason why he has to propose a new demonstration，Because he believes，If there is really God，People have reason to expect a deity demonstration，For everyone who sincerely explores the truth of all things (regardless of origin and expensive，Regardless of knowledge level，No matter whether it is believed in God), it is obvious。and，The conclusion of the argument should not be metaphysical theological propositions，but can be used directly to life behavior。Perse thinks，The existing deed demonstration cannot fully meet these standards，But we directly start from the perspective of truth -exploration，It can originally have an argument that meets standards，I regret being ignored by the theologians。

Strictly reappear，Also to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings，Pierz defines God as "the creator of the whole experience world"，and particularly distinguished the "real" and "existence"。Although many deity demonstrations are talking about the existence of God，But from the perspective of the strict use of philosophical terms，The term "existence" is often used to talk about ordinary objects in our surrounding environment，For example, "Ali Dosede has existed", "Jinshan does not exist"，It mainly involves the role and Bet365 lotto review response between individual objects and other similar objects。Comparison of comparison，"Reality" is much more widely used，Not limited to real individual objects，It can be used to talk about those things we can't see but indeed affecting us，If "the law of nature is real", "their team spirit is real"。These "real things"，Although I often see it directly for us，but not a fictional thing，Because their status and characteristics do not depend on anyone who will imagine them、What expression does it be?。Pelsh Devil，What he wants to demonstrate is "God's Reality"，This is also the promise promised by many philosophers and scientists when they talk about theism。Brief words，Realization of God's reality，It is not indicating that an extraordinary person or a super subject (so -called personality god) exists in a certain time and space waiting for us to find，Instead, it is necessary to indicate that God's concept is not a fiction that changes because of what we think。

The kernel of the "triple demonstration" of Pelos，It is his so -called "rough demonstration"。It vividly shows a unique mental activity，Pelsh call it "musement"。"Thinking" is not the empty imagination or fantasy of closed eyes，I am rather a kind of no intention、Pure play。but but，Different from the aesthetic view and the daydream of the day dream，"Thinking" is the connection and cause of all our experience world，Can be described as "contemplative play"。As Pales said，When you think about，"Open your eyes，Leave everything around you or inner heart，Start a dialogue with yourself "。Initial，There will be a phenomenon world (divided into "sensory experience world", "spiritual world" and "pure conceptual world" so -called "Three Realms") to leave you an impression for you，Forced you to observe carefully，Then turn into contemplation，Exchange opinions between you and yourself，Think about how to better explain all the phenomenon in front of you。After many long thoughts after many times，Sooner or later you will reach "God's Reality"，is to tend to use it as many accidents in the three realms (involved in homogeneity、Diversity、growth, etc.)。

The reason why it emphasizes "rough"，Mainly because Porser believes，This argument is simple and easy to understand，Villagers who do not even have the knowledge of nature can feel their persuasion。"Rough" another meaning may be: although the argument has a clear conclusion，But the premise is not a proposition that clearly expressed。That is to say，The contempreter who reached "God is real" cannot determine what exactly and what facts have been used as prerequisite for argument。That's for Bet365 app download this，It is not in the standard sense in logical textbooks、Perster called the argumentation of "argumentation"。but but，Because it is also "a process of thinking that has gradually generated a specific belief"，It can be regarded as an argument in a broad sense。Although the argument is so rough，Persa believes，It provides us with a good starting point，On this basis, it can build a standard argument in the standard sense，That is the second and third demonstration。

"Rough argument" actually describes a mental process of a man's ultimate guidance to God's concept，But some people actually reached "God's Reality"，Does it mean that he should believe in the reality of God? There seems to be a prerequisite in the middle，The second demonstration of Pierr is to show the facts described in the "rough argument"，It can be used as a reason for us to believe in God's reality。This is the reason for this，It is because "rough demonstration" is a natural mind process with a normal mind，"It's a natural fruit of freedom"，The naturally instinctual belief formed by naturally is particularly trusted in epistemology。To supplement and further defense，The third demonstration of Pelsh introduced his logic theory of scientific inquiry。This is also the most famous theory of Peloh as a logicist and pragmato。He regards the mental activity represented by the "rough demonstration" as the first stage of scientific inquiry，"abduction"，It is mainly to put forward a seemingly very reasonable "good hypothesis" as an explanation for the observed unexpected phenomenon。Only put forward a good hypothesis first，Only then to the second stage of "interpretation" and "induction" in the third stage，Pursue "confirmed or fake hypothesis"。This is equivalent to reminding us: "Rough argument" is not only what the rough talent without culture will do，It shows that human beings "understand the strong desire of the phenomenon collection that has not been systematically stated, but the phenomenal collection that has been experienced in the world"。At this point，Villagers have the spirit of inquiry similar to scientists，or，Science and daily inquiry activities are continuous。The hypothesis that we put forward for explaining the strange phenomenon，Of course it may be wrong at first，But what "Outside" does not just propose a certain hypothesis，It also involves comparative assessment of different hypotheses，in order to get a good hypothesis。Economic considerations for scientific inquiry，We will not get all the hypothesis to the second、Third stage of experimental test，I will try to choose a good hypothesis before that。Select the process bet365 Play online games of "good hypothesis"，It's like animal instincts，Although it is likely to have mistakes at first，But after many attempts，We can often guess right。This is really an optimistic attitude，But scientific inquiry itself needs this optimism，It presets the combination of human heart and nature，Therefore, we have the opportunity to understand this world。

　Questions and clarification

can be imagined，Many readers will have questions about the above "triple demonstration"。but but，These questions are not always inseparable。To clarify Pord's argumentation thinking，It is necessary to discuss the concept of reasoning and logical theory of reasoning behind it。

"Rough demonstration" is suitable for everyone? Some scholars claim that they have done similar ideological experiments，But it cannot be close to God's concept。For this，A possible simple response is: If anyone fails to reach "God's Reality"，He is likely not to do real contemplation。This will be accused of "real Scotland" fallacy。but but，Porser does have some important definition of contemplative activities，For example，"Thinking" is completely free，But face the world of experience in the Three Realms，No choice，Let the soul naturally accept various impacts from a large number of accidents; in order to eventually reach "God's Reality"，Think of contemplation as daily habits，About 450 minutes a day，Adhere to about six or seven years。Another，"Contemplation" as examples of the first stage of scientific inquiry，It represents an extreme situation of exterior reasoning，There is a prerequisite but not clearing。At this point，It is more like our daily consciousness: we encounter some phenomena，Then make a certain perception judgment，This process is mostly unconscious，But the determination of the perception is not a rustic guess，It's just that we (because too much with the material) cannot clearly say what kind of premise it is to get the current conclusion。The difference between contemplative play and daily perception is，The former intentionally excluded the interference that the latter had externally or existing beliefs。In fact，Pelsh repeatedly emphasized that consciousness is an ultimate situation of outsourcing reasoning: Since the premise is unclear，It is a sound degree of reason，Inferences that are not the principle of derivation than "I think I am in" (contemporary philosopher Bogsien attributed it to the reasoning below 1.25)，Pelsh is sometimes called "Acrictical Inference"。Performance as an outbound reasoning，The conclusion it gets is of course not safe enough to be "retraceable"，But the wonderful thing bet365 live casino games is: as long as we try to consciously consciously consciously a phenomenon from different perspectives in different scenarios many times (such as "seemingly curved chopsticks in the water cup")，In the long run (in the long run)，can often give an explanation close to the truth。This kind of confirmation of reliability root source of outbound reasoning，plus the absence of new knowledge for human beings，Makes Porsh believes that we should take out the "third category inference" as the interpretation and induction and summarize。Accepting exterior at the same time、Sumulatory and interpretation of three types of reasoning，And advocates organically combining the three in scientific inquiry activities，This is the biggest feature of Peloss's "scientific logic"。

Of course，Some readers have questioned the reliability of a premise in Porsh's demonstration，Then point out that "God is real" is not true。Questions about this，Pierr's response is not like many analytical philosophers, trying to propose sub -arguments for the propositions that are challenged，but focusing on clarifying what human reasoning and its goals are。The only purpose of the inquiry is to eliminate suspicion，Reasoning is the process of new faith due to skepticism。If any reason that does not start with "real doubt" (different from the kind of "paper doubt" that is doubtful) is "pseudo -exploration"，Those who are still working hard after the faith can still work hard after the faith is determined, and seriously misunderstand the target that the reasoning should be。From the point of view of Porser，His realism of God (2、Triray) The premise of departure from the argument，It is some beliefs that actually do not actually have suspicion space，Therefore (at least before real doubt), there is no need to do any "backward" demonstration。And the conclusion he demonstrated the new beliefs caused by the suspicion caused by the elimination of accidents，The key to this conclusion is that it is an authentic belief，That is，According to the guidelines of pragmatism，He has believed "God is real"。When the explorer already believes that "God is real"，Continue to ask if this belief is true (true)，On the contrary, it is meaningless: At most, we can only say that we are pursuing one of the true beliefs that we think (Think)，But of course we think that every belief in our beliefs is true，Therefore, what emphasizes "belief is true"，It's just the same words。

Generally speaking，Pelsh does not deny the difference between the "scientific hypothesis" commonly common in the research of "God's Reality" and the common research in natural sciences，For example，"God is real" bet365 best casino games is a fuzzy proposition，Unless the "God" as a creator is made of some precise portrayal，Otherwise, it will not be able to propose some prophecies from this，It is impossible to inductive the results of the prophecy and actual experience。But he thinks，"Scientific Logic" and "Practicalism"，In terms of methodology, it can be promoted to some more practical beliefs including God, including God。This is the reason for this，is because of the fundamental point of view，Scientific practice also begins with "reasonable guessing" (or "instinct rationality")，Of course, this kind of guess needs further inspection and refinement，But we don't have to and can't (as the evidence is recommended) to form a belief until the absolute "final opinion" is absolutely true。That's why，The "triple demonstration" of Pierr does not completely rule out the possibility of "God's Unrealities"，But with its innovation in reasoning concept，He has tried to show: Some people walk towards God's beliefs in some natural way，This is understandable (especially the scientist group) understanding，That is a responsible reasonable belief，Although in terms of future experience，Still wrong。

　　(The author is a professor at the Logic and Standards Research Center of the Department of Philosophy and Standardment of East China Normal University)