Marx is famous for critical capitalism，But whether his criticism is based on a certain standardized foundation, there is controversy。Around this topic，Since the 1970s，Contemporary British American Marxist researchers focusing on the relationship between Marx and morality and justice，Started fierce debate and fight，But it has not yet been able to reach a basic consensus。This is the reason for this，There is a large extent because their understanding of Marx's theory and standardized foundation is different，Even the fundamental opposition。From the perspective of the theory and practice of running through Marx's own life，I think Marx's criticism of capitalism is indeed based on a certain standardized，But this standard foundation is not the "justice" and "equality"，but "personal freedom" in the sense of self -realization，and finally achieve the state of human liberation of "the free development of each person is the condition of all people's free development"。

　Bet365 lotto review

Overall，Contemporary Western academic circles mainly formed four different views on the question of what standardized basic criticism of Marx。The first view is considered，Marx Criticism Capitalism is based on some ethical and moral appeal，That is, capitalism is a typical exploitation and unfair system for proletarian，Only the elimination of the capitalist system itself，Only to realize everyone's fairness and real human liberation appeal。The second point of view is considered，Marx's criticism of capitalism is mainly based on scientific analysis and experience Bet365 lotto review description，It has nothing to do with standardized or moral appeal。The third point of view is considered，Marx Criticizing Capitalism is not for moral demands or standardized positions，It is also not based on scientific predictions based on the trend of capitalist development，Instead of conscious assessment of negative consequences of the free development of people from capitalist private ownership。The fourth view is considered，Marx's critical capitalism is mainly because of its "Irrationality"，Caused a human alienation。

Through the overall grasp of Marx related texts，I think the above differences in the academic community，Both are rooted in the different positions and perspectives of their understanding of Marx's thoughts，It is also rooted in the differences in their grasp of normative connotation。Although this problem cannot be reached in the short term，But combined with Marx's own thoughts，and his entire process of criticizing capitalism，I think there is a standardized basis for criticizing capitalism in Marx。but but，This standardized foundation is not completely consistent with the existing views of the current academic community。Because，On the one hand, in the early and late works of Marx，"Indeed, it really contains the moral reasons against the private ownership of capitalism"; on the other hand,，In view of his understanding of justice as one of the ideology，and ideology is "false consciousness" and the object of critical，So，"It is impossible for him to oppose the private ownership of capitalism based on the principle of justice"。So，This standardized foundation must have a new style。It is different from the moral norms in simple moral theory (including good、Fair and exploitation, etc.)，Also different from the principle of bet365 Play online games justice in the ethical sense。Speaking，It can be summarized as the "personal freedom" in the sense of survival and existence of personal autonomy and self-realization (Self-Realization)。Blaquett summarizes it as，"Marx's criticism of capitalist private ownership is based on the principles of freedom and the influence of private property on individuality and personality and personality (Personality"。

　The standardized foundation of Marx's critical capitalism is personal self -realization

If Marx's criticism of critical capitalism is the principle of freedom and the impact of private ownership on personality and personality，So，The key to the problem is converted to，In which sense of personal freedom can become a standardized foundation for Marx's critical capitalism? Answer to this question，Both the understanding of free survival theory and existence theory，It also involves the fundamental understanding of the relationship between individual freedom and capitalism ownership。

David Alan Shikia believes，The so -called "normative function" refers to the principle of using these concepts as support to prove or partially constructs a political or ethical principle。This article mainly uses the concept of "standardized foundation" in this sense。From the perspective of the history of Western ethics and political thought，There are three basic concepts in philosophical theory usually have standardized functions，that is "nature" (nature，Natural)、"The Divine" and "Freedom"。Of course，There are more than these concepts with standardized function in philosophy，such as "History"、"Trading" and "Self-SUFFICIENC) are also more commonly used，But comparison，"Freedom" is the most basic，Because it is associated with the way of existence and status of people，The rest may be attached to it，or derived by it。

Bet365 lotto review In terms of free understanding，If a national economist does not recognize alienation labor，Only personal freedom is understood as an external object of "free possession"，So，Marx, on the one hand, acknowledge that "producers can only get freedom after possessing production materials"，On the other hand, it is considered that "possession of production materials" is not the purpose，The prerequisite for getting freedom，and serving the development of personal ability。From this，He understands his personal freedom as "personal autonomous activity" and "individual personal" self -realization，Understanding as a free place for human life activities、Comprehensive and uninterrupted development and bloom，and directly relative to it with alienation and mandatory labor。In other words，Marx does not understand freedom with "freedom -possession" but "self -improvement" and "self -improvement"。He advocates to "self -realization" to understand freedom with everyone。"Freedom" in this sense runs through the consistent of Marx's thoughts，and constitute the inner purpose of its thoughts。

This understanding of freedom，Marx thinks，Under the capitalist system，Because "capital is the control of labor and its products" and "private rights to labor products for others"，So，Capital and private ownership will inevitably be manifested as "to negate people's personality everywhere"，restrictions on personal self -realization。National Economists, despite seeing the importance of capital and private ownership compared to personal freedom，But Marx believes that they "start from the facts of private property"，"No explanation of this fact"，So capitalist private ownership is used as natural、Priority and eternal existence。Marx through alienation labor，and a new understanding of the relationship between Bet365 lotto review alienation labor and capital，It indicates that private ownership is the historical product of modern society，From this，Discussing the natural and priority of the private ownership of the national economist。

Marx and then indicate，Dialectical tension relationship between capital and private ownership and personal freedom: Although capital and private ownership play a positive role in promoting individual freedom in a certain sense，but more importantly,，Personal freedom also limits capital and private ownership from the height of survival theory。Visible，It is based on the understanding of personal freedom in the sense of self -realization，and the grasp of dialectical relationship between personal freedom and private ownership and capital，Marx has conducted in -depth criticism of the capitalist system。

　　Marx's critical capitalism is to achieve human liberation

In short，Personal freedom in the sense of self -implementation is the standardized basis of Marx's Critical Critical Theory。From the perspective of this standardized foundation，The key differences between Marx and Classical Liberalism and Hegel and Young Hegel School on freedom and property rights are that capital and private ownership are part of the inherent part of individual freedom，Or is it a means or tool for personal freedom under specific conditions? Liberalism adheres to the former，Marx claim the latter。Classical liberalism is necessary to treat capital and private ownership as a necessary condition for personal freedom，Therefore, the eternal and sacredization of private property。Marx thinks，Although "producers can only get freedom after possessing production materials"，But in the ultimate sense，Capital and private ownership is a constraint and restriction on personal freedom。So，Although capital and private ownership are necessary for the realization of individual independence and personality development，But it is a limit to the bet365 best casino games complete realization of personal freedom。It is in this sense，Marx and Engels In the "Communist Declaration", in a highly condensed form, the theoretical claims of the Communists are summarized as "eliminating private ownership"，And said, "Communism does not deprive anyone of the power of social products，It only deprives the power to use this to ensure the labor of others "。The "Re -Establishing Personal ownership" proposition in the first volume of "Capital"，In fact, it is also the further deepening and extension of this problem。

Emphasizing the normative foundation of Marxist capitalist critical theory is extremely important。This is prominently manifested as，Marx's criticism of capital and private ownership is not the purpose itself，but only the intermediary and path that achieves higher purposes，Its ultimate purpose is to achieve human liberation，To achieve the full development of each person's freedom。So，This reveals us，The current paradigm of deepening and promoting historical materialism research with capital logic，To be promoted to the principle of ideas for thought，The revolutionary logic of capital logic must be promoted to the sense of personal self -realization.，or the logic of human relief and personal self -realization。Otherwise，We can not only really understand the essence of historical materialism，It will also misunderstand and even miss the fundamental interest of the critical theory of Marxist capitalism。

　　(This article is the phased achievement of Shenzhen University High -level Construction Projects (19mszx06))

(Author Unit: College of Marxism in Shenzhen University)