Academic circles generally believe that,Zhuangzi (as a collective name for individual thinkers and schools) is a "self-taught" person in the aesthetic sense,Committed to self-spiritual cultivation,To achieve the state of "freedom"。However,We should not misunderstand Zhuangzi’s image of “alone in spiritual communication with heaven and earth”,Thinks that Zhuangzi focuses on cultivating "self" and ignores others。In fact,Zhuangzi pays special attention to establishing a "community of friendship" with others。Through “forgetfulness” and “Taoism”,He established the cooperation between "self" and "people" on the basis of true moral mentality,bet365 Play online games is how to establish a rather paradoxical "community of friendship"。
The selection mechanism of “bet365 Play online games”: never go against your heart
"bet365 Play online games" belong to human relations,In different schools of thought,There are not only differences in evaluation attitudes towards "friend" relationships,There is also the problem of different perspectives of understanding。Among the pre-Qin scholars,Zhuangzi attaches great importance to the "bet365 Play online games" dimension in human relationships,This point is quite comparable to the perspective of early Confucianism。Confucius also values “bet365 Play online games”,The first chapter of "The Analects" "Xue Er Pian" "A friend comes from afar,It’s a pleasure” shows this。Confucianism talks about "bet365 Play online games",Start from the perspective of fighting against others,Highlight the mutual "confidant" nature。Compared to the "confidant" nature of Confucian "bet365 Play online games",Zhuangzi’s party’s understanding of “bet365 Play online games” is more important than “partners”,That is, "peers" who can participate in a certain "space" and "field" game together,Therefore, the "relative" nature of "bet365 Play online games" is particularly highlighted,That is, "individuals" become "game" partners。
Of course,It is not easy to join this game partner circle and become bet365 Play online games,Requires certain "mental" conditions as a prerequisite,The fundamental lies in breaking through the limit of "life and death"。There are many examples of this in "Zhuangzi·The Great Master",For example "Zi Si、Ziyu、Zili、Zilai and the four of them talked to each other and said: 'Who can lead with nothingness?',Life as spine,Take death as a sacrifice;Who knows that life and death are one body,I am bet365 Play online games with you。’The four looked at each other and smiled,Never go against your heart,So we became bet365 Play online games。”
Here,There is a mechanism to "select" bet365 Play online games,That is, being able to show through "words and deeds" that he understands the unity of life and death、Those who follow the great changes,Only to be "confirmed" as a "friend",Therefore, "being bet365 Play online games" is actually a process of interactive "selection" between "individuals",The standard of evaluation is the "tacit understanding" between them。There is this "tacit understanding",Become a “friend”;No such tacit understanding,Just missed。In fact,The reason why Zhuangzi uses the "life and death" deadline to evaluate whether bet365 Play online games are bet365 Play online games,It lies in the loss of "self" identity pointed to by "An Si Hue" (no self),Due to dismantling the heart of "it is oneself",So "Hue",And dispelled the intention of "humiliating others"。
Perhaps we will think,The "tacit understanding" that Zhuangzi said is "never against the heart" is a bit "mysterious",But in fact, "choosing bet365 Play online games" is very "real" and "effective"。We can imagine such a scenario,In a certain scale of social space,“Individuals” are not completely “familiar” with each other,But in a state of "mutual ignorance",Thus the “heart” of the “other”,Include their interests、Hobby、Faith、Position, etc.,Not completely understood by "I"。In this case,Looking for a "friend" who can "swim" with "oneself",Need to send out “friend seeking” messages in a certain form,The so-called "Ying Ying its sound",Ask for your friendship”。The information of "seeking bet365 Play online games" naturally does not come through the "media","Widely advertised" in the form of "Eight Serious Classics",But in informal “formal” situations,Sent as a "private" conversation。Given that among a certain range of people,Although there are "potential" "bet365 Play online games",But there are also "potential" "leakers",Therefore, "seeking bet365 Play online games" requires a "testing" process。The "tempter" "sends" the same message at the same time,Invariably "received" the same information,So they are both the publishers of “seeking bet365 Play online games” messages,Receiver again。In fact,The "seeking friend" information given in this way is like a "test question",Those who “seek bet365 Play online games” need to test others,Have to be tested by others too,So it is a "mutual" test。For example,“Zi Sang Hu、Mencius rebels、Ziqin and Zhang became bet365 Play online games,Said: ‘Who can be in harmony with nothing’?,Performance versus Nothingness,Who can reach the sky and travel to the fog,Tiaochaowuji,Forget each other to survive,No end in sight?’”The “who can be in harmony with nothing”,The paragraph "Relationship versus non-relationship" can be regarded as a "test question",It is different from the previous article "Who can lead by nothing,Using life as a spine” is similar in form,The content of the expression varies slightly depending on the context。It’s worth noting,"Test questions" are in the form of "verbal",Said as if "speaking without meaning",And the answers to the "test questions" are not in the form of words,It is "understanding from the heart",So "look at each other and smile,Never go against your heart”。Those who passed the test,So we became bet365 Play online games。Zhuangzi uses the issue of "life and death" to "test" others,To select “common-minded” bet365 Play online games,Quite dramatic "performance",In form, it seems to have some inspiration for later generations of Zen Buddhism who used the examination of koan huatou to develop teacher-teacher teaching。
The maintenance mechanism of "bet365 Play online games": mutual forgetfulness and ruthlessness
"Become bet365 Play online games" through "choice",The monks established a "community of friendship",To maintain this community,It also puts forward extremely high mental requirements for "bet365 Play online games",The so-called "forgetting each other without mercy"。There seems to be a "paradox" here: acquaintances and bet365 Play online games,Nian Nian Concern,Also forget each other without mercy。Yes,Must be understood in conjunction with the concept of "无道" (无道)。As Zhuangzi said,“I” don’t know the “real master”,Ignore the creation of "Tao",Be honest with each other,Insisting on the identity of "self",The desire to create life, promote oneself and humiliate others,Sun and heart fight。If so,Then others are not bet365 Play online games,They are all competitors or exploitable persons,Therefore, people who are "waiting" (have something to wait for) have no "bet365 Play online games"。"Individual self" is like "all roads are connected into one",Then you will realize that "that" is not a competitor of "me"、Used,But they are both created by "Tao"。In this original sense,“He” and “I” are actually “bet365 Play online games”。
But,In reality,"He" and "I" seal the boundary,Divided judgment between heaven and man,This "origin" and "friend" relationship are forgotten,The chapter "The Great Master" illustrates this point many times with the example of "fish forgetting each other in the rivers and lakes",For example, "the spring dries up,The fish phase is on land,Xianxu Yishi,Let’s help each other,It’s better to forget each other in the world”,There is also "Confucius said: 'The fish is made of water'",Human beings create the Tao。Those who create water,Walk through the pond and feed;Those who create the Tao,Born without incident。So it is said: Fish is made of water,People forget about Taoism’”。Fish depend on water to survive,Being at ease in the water without noticing him,So "forget it";Anhydrous,You can only survive by "helping each other",However, this is not the fundamental strategy,It’s just a temporary skill,So not enough to rely on,So "It is better to forget each other in the world"。Obviously,The "emotion" of "thinking about each other" was born from the fish's "mutual affection",However, this "emotion" is not "necessary",But a helpless "residue"。Same,The true "friend" relationship between "people" is based on "forgetting each other in Taoism",Don’t “miss” his bet365 Play online games,Cai Zhen is my friend。
Fundamentally speaking,Zhuangzi’s “forgetfulness” is a spiritual cultivation technique,bet365 Play online games extends the "no self" (lost self) to "self" to the "forgetfulness" between "self" and "people",Requires individuals to transform from "conscious" activities to "spontaneous" activities,That is BilaideThe so-called "transition from low-level mechanism to high-level mechanism,Consciousness will disappear,Or partially disappear,Or change the function,Or something has changed”。So on the occasion of the great change of life and death of "bet365 Play online games",The attitude of Zhuangzi’s group is optimistic,A heart that does not hold on to the secular world,On the contrary, we must adhere to the creation of "Tao",such as Zisi、Ziyu、Zili、The four of them are "bet365 Play online games",Ziyu expressed illness,Zi Si Exploring Disease,The two of them are still speaking according to the "Tao"。Ziyu teases himself,"Great,The Creator has detained me for this purpose”,Zi Si did not express sadness but tried to test his state of mind: "You are so evil?"Said: "Death,What evil can I do...he who will get it,Shiye;Lost,Shunye。Be in peace with the times and be content with sorrow and joy without being able to enter,This ancient so-called suspense solution...why am I so evil?”Actually,“Forgetting each other in Taoism” is a highly difficult technique,Require bet365 Play online games to "forget" at the same time,If one forgets it,Never forget one thing,It will not be "forgetting each other"。Never forget one thing,That is to say, the "heart" of "waiting",Desire、hesitate、Believe、Paranoid and other "cognitive" (thinking) modalities have corresponding "appearances" display,The "personality" shows its "appearance" and its flaws,Although it is fleeting,The spin is captured by the opponent,This is being looked down upon by others and "humiliated",Maybe you feel a little nervous,Feeling guilty,Can’t compete with bet365 Play online games。So "friend",Respect each other without insulting,“I don’t respect myself” because I can’t forget,This is a situation of "humiliation",The alliance of "bet365 Play online games" is about to collapse。
"Being bet365 Play online games" and "forgetting each other" at the same time,Zhuangzi gave a paradoxical "community of friendship"。Although this "ideal model" is like the "Mountain of Miaogushe" described by Zhuangzi,It seems inhumane and unreasonable to real people,However, it is not impossible under specific time and space conditions,Achieved among a few individuals with extremely high mental abilities (so-called "perfect people")。This also leads to the inference that Zhuangzi's "no one is perfect" cannot be realized alone,It is not an isolated state,The "perfect person" requires "self" but "no self",“Forget each other” about “people”,Therefore, "friendship" to the "perfect person" is not an external "consumer" resource,It is the inner “must” self-cultivation。Therefore,For Zhuangzi’s group,Maintaining the community of "bet365 Play online games" requires the individual to "act" according to the Tao throughout his life,This is beyond the scope of “secular” “morality”,And higher "moral skills" are needed。
(Author’s affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Suzhou University)
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