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Discussion on "Confucianism is religion" in Chinese history。Generally speaking，The first discussion orgasm took place in the Ming and Qing Dynasties。Due to the introduction of the Western Catholic in the East Graduation of Western Xuexue, a fierce conflict with the inherent Confucian cultural form in China，Therefore, some scholars who accept Western studies try to prove that Confucianism is not a religion in the sense of Catholicism，To get the coexistence between Chinese and Western。The second discussion orgasm took place in the late Qing Dynasty。In the face of Western culture and religious invasion，A group of intellectuals represented by Kang Youwei proposed "Bao Guo、Baochi、Acting Education，Intention to discuss Confucianism as a "national religion"，to compete with the West，Preserving Culture Tradition。The third discussion orgasm occurs after the founding of New China to before reform and opening up。

This profound problem，It is still attractive in today's academic research。In recent years，Research on Confucian religious issues basically formed a consensus: Confucianism is not religion，But with religious。Borrow a concept of Tang Junyi, a representative of modern Confucianism to express，Confucianism is "humanistic religion"。Specifically，First，Confucian no religious ritual，The ritual content contained in it "Li"，It is the conversion and meaning of ordinary general -general life forms。Second，Confucianism does not have the concept of supremacy in the religious sense，The perfect personality does not depend on the devotion to the sacred object，Instead of turning through the humanistic meaning "virtue" and "bet365 best casino games conscience"。third，Confucianism with secular、The form of humanities bears the value and belief system of the Chinese nation。These traits have been founded in it since the beginning of Confucianism in the pre -Qin period。Here，We use the thought of the pre -Qin Confucianism、Literature, etc.，As a brief explanation。

　　Confucian ritual content originated from Pu Gan Life

Pre -Qin Confucianism stipulates "ritual": "Husband ritual starts in the crown，I am faint，heavy funeral festival，Respect in North Korea，and Yu Xiangjie，This gift is generally。"The so -called" crown "refers to the championship of adult men，"Flying" refers to the wedding of "the second surname is good"，"Funeral Sacrifice" is the funeral and sacrifice of parents who died in their parents。Overall，These three can be classified as daily social life。"Employment" refers to the princes of the princes，"Township Shooting" means that local officials choose to choose the official in the official school。These two belong to national political life。This five gifts are the core links of the "ritual" pushed by Confucianism，From this, we can see that Confucianism creates its own ritual content in the way of "turning the people into customs" and "due to customs"，Daily life of people with points，Makes people a consciousness of human nature in the actual existence of reality。Compared with，Christian、Buddhism and other religions often open religious rituals outside of life。

Confucianism "Master Zhongni，Charter Cultural Martial Arts "，Confucianism, this kind of "adult ritual", can also be said to originate from the time of the period of Zhougong's ritual。According to "Historical Records of the Ruby Family": Lu Gongbo Bowl was sealed by Lu，Three years and then report to politics。Zhou Gong said: "Why is it?"，Removal Qi Li，Three years then removed，Therefore。"Taigong is also sealed in Qi，May report to the government。bet365 live casino games Zhou Gong said: "He's also。"said:" I simply briefly the gift of its monarchs and ministers，From its customs。”

Bo poultry is the eldest son of Zhou Gong，Due to Zhou Gong's regent assisted in the king，Therefore, Zhou Gong governed Lu State。Taigong is the Chu Chu wondering Jiang Shang，Gong Gong in Qi State。Bo Bowli Zhulu，It takes the means of changing its folk customs with ritual music。and Taigong Qi，Simplify the ceremony of ritual and music and obey folklore，To promote the promotion of ritual and music。For this difference，Confucius once evaluated: "Qi change，As for Lu。Lu Yichang，As for Tao。"Although different means，But the common point is，All are "ritual" and "vulgar" relative，Establishing etiquette culture in the response and transformation of "custom"。

Relying on the basic and active status of "vulgar"，Confucius thinks，The disadvantages of removing rituals and lack of rituals，It must also be in the secular life of people。Zhongni has a saying: "The gift is disappeared and the wild。"Yan Shi Ancient Note:" Du Duyi is rising，As you ask for，It will also get。"" Wild "，Confucius is "advanced in ritual music"，And Yan Shigu's note is interpreted as "outside the capital"。Cover what Confucius said，It is in order of time，Speaking of the natural secular life before the educationalization of ritual and music;，refers to the living state of the place where the farm is not covered by ritual and music。Although the expression of the two is different，But the content is unified，That is, the original life of "Li" can be bred from it without "ritual"。

The ideal personality form and life form that Confucius admires is "literary quality"。"Quality" means natural temperament and natural life，"Wen" is ritual and music education。Confucius emphasizes the balance between the two，It means that "ritual" cannot be split with people’s feelings and things that are close to life。

　　"Morality" internal turn and "heaven" Ru in the transformation

"Rites" in "Confucianism" is a place that is very easy to cause misunderstandings，that is "the gift of funeral"。The reason is，This "ritual" is facing ghosts and gods、Some of the concepts of religious interpretation such as Heaven。But if you go into details，It is not difficult to find the characteristics of Confucian non -religious characteristics。

The so -called "ghost"，Confucian classic "Zhou Li" said: "All beings will die，Death will return to the soil。"" Han Shi Biography ", one of the" Book of Songs ", said:" People die, ghosts，Ghosts return，Essence of Qi is attributed to heaven，Meat belongs to the ground。"" Book of Rites "also says:" Soul qi belongs to heaven，Between the shape。"" correspondingly，The so -called "God" refers to "God's Evergence"，"From its life，Strong since childhood，The extension of this qi "。Examine the original literature of Confucianism，We can find，"Ghost God" refers to the popularity of the earth and the earth in the Confucian concept system and generate all things、Everything finally returns to such a picture between the heavens and the earth。Therefore，"The Golden Mean" When it comes to ghosts and gods, "Ghost God is virtue。”

So，The "ghost and god" that Confucianism says should be understood as the function of the universe of heaven and earth，This is linked to the concept of Confucian "heaven"。"Heaven" is concerned about its source，Tour back to the Yin Shang period，It really has the meaning of religious supremacy。"Book of Songs · Shang Song · Long Hair" records the saying "Emperor Lisheng Business"，The poem "Xuan Bird" in the same chapter also records "Destiny Bird，Settlement and Business "。Based on these statements, it is roughly restored the worship of the merchant's "Emperor".。We studied the Oracle of the Yin and Shang Dynasties today，It is found that most of them are the divination Bet365 app download hexagrams that ask the sky，can also prove this view。But，Chinese traditional humanistic spirit germination very early，After Yin Zhoutian's destiny,，Zhou people have already proposed "Emperor Heaven No Dear，Wei De is supplemented "。This is recorded in chapter "Shang Shu · Cai Zhongzhizhi"。"De" became a core concept of later Confucian humanism。

Confucian built on the system，Especially respecting people's inner "morality" spirit。Confucius direct inheritance，He is similar to the priest Wu Zhu，Emphasis on sacrifice to the heavens and earth of ghosts and gods;。"Yi" is the book of Zhou Dynasty divination，Its function lies in asking God to ask for、Through the heavenly will。Visible，Although the Zhou Dynasty sprouted a humanistic spirit，But the concept of religious supremacy still has leftover。But，According to the records of the literature unearthed by Ma Wangdui，Confucius Views "Yi" is "Later Wishes，View its morality "。Sacrifice with primitive religious significance，After the Confucian transformation，An intermediary that has become a moral personality。Therefore, Zeng Zi pointed out: "Chasing the distance in the end，Min virtue returns to thick。”

So far，The highest value and significance of the sacrifice have become "virtue"，"Heaven" as the ultimate supremacy has been eliminated by Confucianism。For this，Confucianism has a very classic expression: "If in。"The Analects of Confucius" records: Sacrifice Ru Ru in，Sacrifice God as God is here。Zi said: "I don't have the sacrifice，If you do not sacrifice。"" The Golden Mean "records:" Zi said: Ghost and God is virtue，It is prosperous! See you to see it，Listening to it and heard，The body is incomparable。Make people of the world Qi Ming Sheng，To inherit the sacrifice。Yangyang! If you are on it，If it is left and right。Poetry said: ‘God of God，Unable to think!矧 矧 矧 bet365 live casino games 矧!，Chengzhi cannot hide such a husband! "

​​Both of them mentioned the concept of "Ruzai"。According to Zhu Xi’s explanation，It refers to "All of them are also exited for，There is a god with sincerity，No sincerity without sincerity "。That is to say，"Sky" or "Ghost God"，Appearance in sacrifice activities，The deity of the religious deity no longer resorts to religious，It depends on people’s "sincerity"，That is, the inner reality of human consciousness to virtue。

　　Confucianism to undertake religious function in virtue

Confucianism is by no means religion，Gain's secularity、Internality。But Confucianism is by no means a sophisticated life wisdom，Gain's inner transcendence。We should notice，Although the humanistic system of Confucianism is the development of the natural life of the original meaning and the "ghost god sacrifice" of the "ghost god"，But the way it adopted is not a full downward，Instead, "creative transformation and innovative development"。World and religion beyond the two wings of Confucianism，Confucianism is at the same time that it is in the same meaning within the replacement of the two，Still keeping open to the two。Confucianism is to take the two sides of life and sacrifice with the inner "virtue" of "people"。"People" is both the subject of the secular life，It is also the main body of sacrifice facing the heavens and earth ghosts and gods; it is based on the secularity of life to fold the religion，It is more vulgar with religious transcendence。

The significant feature of the Confucian humanistic spirit is characterized by its high attention to "people"。Borrowing the current philosophical language to express，This is actually the real concern and ultimate care of the philosophy in the "virtue" to undertake the philosophy。Confucianism "virtue"，It is the road of righteousness，The meaning of philosophy。This is where Confucianism Bet365 app download and religion are determined to be different。But Confucianism is by no means popularity or teaching a philosophical knowledge。This "virtue" must also be completed and realized itself in actual concern and ultimate care。From this，Confucianism's meaning to assume the value of standardizing daily life through these two aspects and the religious function of transcendence of beliefs。

　　(Author Unit: The College of Marxism College of Suzhou University)