King and hegemony are important themes in ancient Chinese political philosophy，As Song Confucian Zhang Shi said，Scholars “On the Body of Governance”，You must first "understand the distinction between Wang Bo (Ba)"。In short，Wangba is related to national governance。The former is the rule bet365 coupon code ancient holy kings，Be moral、Etiquette，Require rulers to use enlightenment，Practice lenient policies；The latter advocates power、Strength and deception，And control the people through punishment。Since ancient times，Elaboration on the political philosophy of Wang Ba，Mainly divided into two aspects: one is the "Wangba Debate"，His theory respects the royal way，Derogatory and domineering，Advocate with Confucianism；The second is "Overlord Dao Zazhi"，It takes ancient rulers and bureaucracy as the main body of practice。As far as the relationship between king and hegemon is concerned，The former means the theoretical opposition between king and hegemon，The latter reflects the coexistence bet365 coupon code two in reality。

In the writing bet365 coupon code history of traditional political philosophy，Wang and Ba respectively represent two diametrically opposed political orientations: the former advocates virtue, etiquette, and benevolent governance，The latter advocates the power of criminal law and absolute monarchy。Look at it this way，The two seem to be the "academic patents" of Confucianism and Legalism respectively。But if we return to the original historical meaning of king and hegemon，This understanding is actually not accurate。Song Confucian Li Gou thinks，The king and the tyrant are the names，Not a ruler。Scholar Luo Genze pointed out: "King" and "Ba" as titles first appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period respectively；But as a comment on politics, the theories of "royal government" and "hegemonic government"，It was not seen in history until the middle bet365 coupon code Warring States Period。

In the historical documents recording the Spring and Autumn Period bet365 coupon code Western Zhou Dynasty，The person who speaks to the "king" is usually "Bo" rather than "Ba"。Wang and Bo are obviously not kings、Synonym for domineering，It is the abbreviation for the emperor and the princes under the feudal system bet365 coupon code Zhou Dynasty。For example, "Zuo Zhuan: The Second Year of Chenggong" contains the words "Four Kings and Five Uncles"，According to Du Yu、Kong Yingda’s research，The four kings and the fifth uncle actually have something to say，namely Yu、Soup、Text、Wu and Xia Bokunwu，Shang Bo Da Peng、豕伟，Zhou Bo Qihuan、Jin Wen and other historical figures。In addition，Confucius Qi Huan Gong appears several times in "The Analects·Xianwen"、Evaluation of Guan Zhongzhi’s “Hegemony”，But what Confucius calls "hegemony"，refers to Duke Huan as the chief bet365 coupon code princes，Inherited Emperor，Expelling foreigners and barbarians，Historical achievements of “one liberating the world”，It does not involve "hegemonic" politics。Therefore，As Liu Zehua said，Uncle Wang in the Spring and Autumn Period bet365 coupon code Western Zhou Dynasty，It is actually a historical phenomenon，It has not risen to the level of political philosophy。

Until the Warring States Period，Mencius initiated the “Wangba Debate”，Proposed "the king who acts benevolently with virtue" and "the dominator who acts benevolently by force"。Mencius’ theory actually has two meanings: first，The meaning given to the political philosophy of Wang and Hegemon，Use bet365 coupon code to specialize in governance；Secondly，Mencius pioneered the concept of "respecting the king and despising the tyrant"，established the Confucian political philosophy advocating the kingly way、The general tone of opposing hegemony。

Mencius’s “Wangba Debate” was not created out of thin air，Rather, it has rich historical basis and knowledge sources。Since the Warring States Period，Those who talk about politics based on hegemony，Not limited to Mencius’ family。In "Xunzi", "Lu Shi Chunqiu", "He Guanzi", "Han Feizi" and "The Four Classics bet365 coupon code Yellow Emperor" and other handed down and unearthed documents，There is a genealogy bet365 coupon code names of "Emperor-Emperor-King-Ba"。The establishment of this genealogy，It stems from what Gu Jiegang said about the "falsification" of ancient history by the Warring States scholars，Also derived from the scholars’ summary and understanding bet365 coupon code history bet365 coupon code Western Zhou Dynasty and Spring and Autumn Period。The “Wangba Debate” that arose from this，It is inseparable from the political reality bet365 coupon code Warring States Period that Zhuzi has experienced and seen。In response to the collapse of rituals and music since the Spring and Autumn Period、The chaotic situation of divided countries，The consensus among scholars is to end the war as soon as possible，Re-establish an authoritative order for the world。But in the process of achieving this goal，Based on the difference in understanding of history and reality，In terms of means of solving problems，Mencius has a clear appeal。

Mencius inherited the mantle of Confucius，Aims to restore the ritual music civilization and enfeoffment hierarchy bet365 coupon code Western Zhou Dynasty。He based on the deeds bet365 coupon code "ancient holy king" in history and legend，Construct an ideal system with the way bet365 coupon code former kings as the core，And use it as political sustenance to restore the feudal ruling order。Therefore，Mencius’ “King Way” can be summarized as the historical basis for his political philosophy。At the same time，Mencius is not opposed to the restoration of unity and order in the world，In terms of realistic ways to achieve this，He clearly proposed "benevolence with virtue"。This requirement originates from the moral education in historical legends、Benevolence is the principle bet365 coupon code Holy King’s way of governance，It is also the theoretical basis for Mencius to implement the theory of benevolent government。Opposite，Aiming at the "king of a big country" who constantly annexes small countries with the help of "tens of millions" in reality，On the one hand, Mencius seeks specific historical basis for it，That is, the “Qi Huan Jin Wen” and other princely overlords since the Spring and Autumn Period，Also known as "overbearing"；On the other hand，The political practice of unifying the world by force is called "using strength to pretend benevolence"。Mencius’ royal political philosophy is based on the dual perspectives of history and reality。Therefore，As the "opposite side" bet365 coupon code royal way，Hegemony also has corresponding historical and realistic basis。Realism goes without saying，This is the fact bet365 coupon code Warring States Period；And the historian，In the context of Mencius，was attributed to the Spring and Autumn Period hegemony that was not originally academic in nature。

The reason why Mencius wanted to construct the theory of kingship through the dual approaches of history and reality，The reason is that the development trend bet365 coupon code Warring States Period has actually run counter to Confucian political ideals。If we say that in Confucius’ time, the princes and kings still had a sense of awe for the political culture bet365 coupon code Western Zhou Dynasty and the authority and order bet365 coupon code emperor，So in the early and middle periods bet365 coupon code Warring States Period where Mencius lived，The recognition of "Zhou" in various countries has long been exhausted。For big countries，The most important thing is to seize large amounts of land and labor through violent conquest，To meet the needs bet365 coupon code emerging power class；For small countries，Facing mergers and squeezes from big powers，Survival and development should be the first priority。Therefore，Mencius’s teachings in the Warring States Period，It is difficult to be accepted by monarchs of various countries，It is even less possible to practice。Despite losing the platform for practice，But in terms of ideological and academic categories，Constructed by Mencius，The oppositional pattern of "the debate between kings and hegemons" and the judgment tone of "respecting the king and despising the hegemon" are still established，And continued to be followed by subsequent Confucian scholars。

After the establishment bet365 coupon code Han Empire，Due to the further strengthening bet365 coupon code ideological characteristics of Confucianism，The direction bet365 coupon code Wang Ba theory towards political reality has become increasingly clear。Of course，The debate between kings and hegemons in the Mencius era was aimed at the reconstruction of world order and ruling authority，In the unified political and cultural system bet365 coupon code Han Empire，The debate between kings and hegemons reflects the struggle between scholar-bureaucrats and the autocratic centralization of monarchy。Wang Liqi when discussing the essence bet365 coupon code Salt and Iron Conference bet365 coupon code Western Han Dynasty，I think that virtuous literature and the many debates among officials about the national economy and people's livelihood，It is not so much the so-called "Confucian-Legal struggle"，It is better to say that it is a confrontation between the "chun Confucians" who support Confucian kingship and the "vulgar Confucians" who support imperial power。Indeed，Due to the gradual decline of Legalism as a school after its establishment in the Western Han Dynasty，The so-called view that equates "the debate between kings and hegemons" with the "struggle between Confucianism and Legalism" has lost its logical basis。In addition，Confucians advocate the kingly way，But in specific practice, we are not opposed to punishment、Utilitarianism and other factors related to hegemony。Therefore，Although the "Wangba Debate" is clearly divided at the theoretical level，However, in the political practice bet365 coupon code Han Empire, there is an increasing trend of mutual adjustment，That’s why Emperor Xuan bet365 coupon code Han Dynasty came up with the so-called “overlord’s way of doing things”。

However，In the ideological perspective of "Chul Confucianism"，Kingdom is still his supreme political pursuit。Therefore，His construction of Wang Ba theory has not stopped yet，And there is a trend of continuous deepening。Late Western Han Dynasty，Liu Xiang Yi Zhou Gong、The "Qinqin" policy bet365 coupon code Lu State initiated by Bo Qin is "the trace bet365 coupon code king"，The Qi State’s policy of “respecting the virtuous” created by Ethereum is the “trace bet365 coupon code overlord”，And believes that "Qi is not as good as Lu"。After the establishment bet365 coupon code Eastern Han Dynasty，Ban Gu, who also upheld Confucian beliefs, introduced Qilu customs in "Hanshu Geography"，Also follows Liu Xiang’s conclusion that “Qi is not as good as Lu”。Visible，In the process of elaborating and constructing his political doctrine，Han Confucianism has always attached great importance to the utilization and development of historical materials。

Of course，Only by reconstructing historical knowledge，It is not enough to express the importance that Confucian scholars attach to "The Debate between Kings and Hegemons"。Two Song Dynasties，Under the call to rebuild scholar-official politics，Scholar public opinion generally takes "returning to the three generations" as the banner，Confucianists hope to establish a situation in which scholar-bureaucrats and emperors "rule the world together"，So the debate over kings and tyrants was mentioned again。Out of prejudice against the Han Dynasty chapter and sentence classics，Song Confucianism deliberately avoided the key stage bet365 coupon code formation of Wangba theory, that is, the two Han Dynasties，Replaced by the older Yao、Shun and Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties。This shows，Under the control of Taoist genealogy，Song Confucianism was eager to reorganize the inner logic of Mencius’ political philosophy，At the same time, we also hope to effectively solve the decline of "Taoism" since the Han and Tang Dynasties，The disadvantages that make the royal way "mixed"。

It is undeniable，Song Confucianism certainly had a strong desire to rebuild its orthodoxy，But it tries to bypass Sinology，How to pass directly to the third generation，Just like He Changqun、What Tian Hao and other scholars said: blindly "respect the king and the tyrant"，It can be said that "specializes in classics but not history"，So it is inevitably out of historical context。At the same time，It is inevitable that Wang Ba’s theory will become increasingly perfect and profound in theory，But its historical basis is becoming increasingly pale and thin。After all，Even "the Lesser Sage" Mencius，We must also rely on historical and intellectual resources such as the "Emperor Wang Ba" that everyone can use during the Warring States Period，Only in this way can the cornerstone bet365 coupon code Confucian theory of kings and hegemons be laid。Political ideas that have lost their historical context，Destined to become an unrealistic castle in the air。After Song Dynasty，Although Wang Ba is still widely spread by scholars as an important political theory，But its impact on real politics，was gradually eliminated in the increasingly solidified imperial power system。

　(Author’s affiliation: Department of bet365 coupon code, School of Liberal Arts, Shanghai University)