Metaphor is a metaphor，Not only is it a common form of rhetoric，and carry a certain theoretical model。Due to the use of "such as" such as "such as" such as "such as" such as "such as" like "," like ", and" like "，People sometimes do not detect the metaphor at all。But if in -depth research，We will accidentally discover the centers of the metaphor that often live in those ideas we are familiar with。For example，Spencer's "Social Organic Body" adopts biological metaphors，It means that the society must experience (different from the inorganic world) growth or development process，Unified vitality penetration or coordinating society as a whole。Each metaphor will establish a certain theoretical tendency or imagination of the world through analog thinking，With our vision and position。The influence of the metaphor is so profound and so hidden，Do not have problems with problems。Engels is the master who uses metaphors，There are too many metaphors in many classic expressions on his historical view of materialism，But the previous discussion on the principles of materialist history rarely touches this level，This is the case for both Marxist defenders or critics of Marxism。

"Anti -Dulin Theory" was created from 1876 to 1878。Engels pointed out in this book that was closely involved in Marx: "The socio -economic structure of each era forms a realistic basis，Each historical period of Fa -French facilities and political facilities bet365 Play online games and religion、All the upper -level buildings composed of philosophy and other concept forms，In the final analysis, it should be explained by this foundation。"" Among them，"Structure", "Basic", "Facilities", "Upper -level Buildings" and other terms，All point to the architectural metaphor clearly。In fact，Architecture metaphors in contemporary Chinese discourse，For example, "Construction", "Construction", "Construction", "Co -Construction", "Reconstruction", "Support", "Construction", "Construction", "Reform", etc.。Such linguistic facts are closely related to Marxism's guidance position in my country。The aforementioned quotation of Engels is a classic expression of the first chapter of the first chapter of Marx's "Political Economy Criticism" published in 1859 and in 1867 "Capital": "People are their own Social production in life、inevitable、Do not transfer the relationship with their will，That is, the production relationship that is suitable for a certain development stage of their material productivity。The sum of these production relations constitutes the economic structure of society，That is, a realistic basis that has legal and political upper buildings erected and has a certain social conscious form to be suitable for it。"Obviously，The architectural metaphors of the two are willing to recognize the spatial relationship of some upper and lower combinations，Put the law before politics，implies that law is closer to the basic part of the upper -level building (that is, the economic structure) than politics，Talking about the form of conceptual or conscious form, and the close relationship Bet365 lotto review between them with the economic foundation。

But if you check carefully, you will find it，Two words are hidden in subtle differences under obvious similarities。Here，Just as in many other occasions，Proper comparison analysis helps to understand the point of view of both parties more deeply。First，Marx's original use of "Ein Juristischer Und Politischer überbau"，It is a single pattern，Guide to the crown words，Compare the integration of law and politics，That is, the common form of law and politics constitutes a whole building。and Engels wrote "Der Rechtlichen Und Politischen Einrichtungen" (French facilities and political facilities，or translated "French and Political Facilities")，Guide to fix the crown words，It is a plural form，Emphasize the complex and diverse conditions of the constituent elements (although Engels' "upper building" is also the single "überbau")。Second，contract relationship、property relationship、Marriage relationship、Family relationships, etc., all belong to the relationship between the law or law，They can exist independently of the existence of the grammar or the existence of the example method。For example，Not all countries have written "Marriage Law"，But there are still marriage relationships based on local customs。But they cannot be regarded as a legal upper -level building at this time (more accurately，The legal part of the upper floor)，Instead of closer to the economic field。third，Marx actually expresses the form of social consciousness and upper buildings，And the adaptive relationship and the relationship between Bet365 lotto review the upper and lower space also have subtle distinctions。This means that the answers to the following questions are not very clear (this vagueness is obviously that Marx's intention to stay，Because he can not express it like this): Is the social conscious form of upper -level buildings? If so，Does it constitute another upper floor building outside the legal and political system? Engels clearly recognized "religious、The form of philosophy and other conceptual forms "also belong to the upper -level building category，3421_3467，also translated "specified") and "society" (GesellSchaftliche)。That is to say，Engels made an explanation of the upper building。This approach may involve Marx's "Political Economics Criticism" preface.、Brief words、Religious、Art or philosophy，Brief words，A form of ideology "，But Marx adds limited words that cannot be erased before this statement，That is "people realize this conflict and strive to overcome it"，This function shows the ideological nature of specific concepts (not all ideas belong to the ideology he understands)。Fourth，Marx's architectural metaphor expressing the scope of applicable directly，Just implies the general nature of the principle of materialist history through the tense of a sentence。Engels knows the situation of the ground to "every era" and "every historical period"，and the time presented by Marx in the following "with" (mit) in order，Adjustment into the "Erkl? 觌 Ren)。

Engels in his later years (1990s) letters，Make several supplements to the historical view of materialism。It is this new version of the orthodox creed of bet365 Play online games Marxist camp，and play a new theoretical starting point for later Marxist thinkers。Due to the perspective of observation and limitation of articles，Can't explore all the ideological essence in Engels' letter here，Can only explain his theoretical development from the perspective of a metaphor。Engels wrote: "Economic conditions are the foundation，But it affects the process of historical struggle and in many cases, it mainly determines the form of this struggle，There are various factors of upper -level buildings ... Here is the interaction between all these factors。"" "There are countless strengths that intersect each other，There are countless force parallel quadranges，From this generating a joint force，History results。"" "Generally speaking，Economic Games opens roads for yourself，But it must also withstand its own and have a relatively independent political movement.。"" The principle of reflection of economic relations，It must also be a reflection of the head and foot inverted。"The content of these languages ​​above is familiar to everyone，There is no way to say here。What is interested in the author is，Engels while maintaining its original architectural metaphor，(I don't know if it is intentional) to introduce other metaphorical expressions。"Interaction", "Reverse", "Combining" and other pointing metaphors，"Reflect" and other pointing to optical metaphors。Not only that，Engels also staggered these three metaphors of different natures，in order to make up for the past dead ends of the historical materialism，Basis of rebuilding Marxist methodology。

Bet365 app download Overall perspective，Engels’s supplement is relatively successful，Because it can basically respond to the challenges that have appeared at that time，The accusations of economicism。But，Single from the perspective of a metaphor，On the one hand，Engels injects new elements into the metaphor of the historical view of materialism，It can open up a new ideological direction for it (this is also the meaning of the theoretical construction metaphorical question)。On the other hand，This may cause two problems: first，Architectural metaphors that were easily presented and rigid and stereotyped，The objective and inevitability of the principle of light and light will be intensified，Especially in later generations of scholars to take contexts、When ignoring Marxist practice philosophy; second，Mechanical metaphor and optical metaphor in nature are different from architectural metaphors (according to a feasible interpretation，Architecture metaphors contaminated with strong human constructing colors)，This will inevitably involve the coherent problem between metaphor concepts。The author is limited to pointing out here，The leading options of classic writers of Marxist are always architectural metaphors，But Engels is relatively happy to make up for physical metaphors。So，Marxism maintains the internal unity，There is also a possibility of development in many ways。Just as Bernestean said: "Those letters should be used to supplement the original definition。The basic thoughts of theory do not lose its unity because of this，But the scientificity of the theory itself has Bet365 app download improved。It has these supplements that really become the theory of scientific historical investigation。”

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(Author Unit: School of Law of Nanjing Normal University and the Chinese Institute of Modernization of China)