Chinese bet365 mobile and Indian bet365 mobile are the two major sources of Eastern logical thought。Indian academic circles earlier noticed the research on the characteristics of Indian logical thought。A group of Indian scholars tried to reverse the strong influence of Western cultural centrism，Study Indian bet365 mobile based on the Eastern religious and cultural background，Discuss and discover the non-deductive logical thought in our own tradition from the perspective of Eastern debate and argumentation。In recent years，Chinese academic circles have gradually begun to study the characteristics of Chinese bet365 mobile。This is to jointly promote research on the characteristics of Eastern bet365 mobile，It even laid the foundation for deepening the study of Eastern bet365 mobile as a whole。

The pursuit of human reason，Exploration of the validity of inferential arguments，As the common goal of Eastern and Western bet365 mobile，Constitutes the commonality of Eastern and Western bet365 mobile。At the same time，Oriental bet365 mobile based on the unique language and cultural background of Eastern civilization also has its own specificity。The characteristics of Eastern bet365 mobile are actually relative to the characteristics of Western bet365 mobile，Therefore，To examine the characteristics of Eastern bet365 mobile, we need to refer to Western bet365 mobile。We know，Since the 1980s，Western bet365 mobile and philosophy have started a shift in research directions，That is, "Practical Turn"。At the same time，Eastern bet365 mobile, especially Indian bet365 mobile, has also begun a similar "turn"。But，This similar turn between the East and the West has completely different expressions，Mainly reflected in the following four aspects。

　　Eastern bet365 mobile is applied bet365 mobile

bet365 mobile includes pure bet365 mobile that studies the most general rules of reasoning，Also includes the study of applied bet365 mobile of reasoning rules in a specialized field or special scope。Eastern bet365 mobile originated from debate as an application of bet365 mobile，And has the characteristic of implementing this application throughout。As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，Deng Xi、Hui Shi、Gongsun Long and others took "bian" as their research object，Systematically explores many issues related to "debate"，And gradually formed the famous debate school。Hui Shi’s “Ten Historical Things” and Debian’s “Twenty-One Things”，Gongsun Long and Xunzi’s theory of correcting names，Han Feizi’s “Contradiction Theory” and other works mark the rise of dialectics。Especially the late Mohists，Collection of the great achievements of pre-Qin dialectics，Completed the iconic work "Mo Jing" of Chinese bet365 mobile，Established the first bet365 mobile system in human history called "Dianxue"。In short，The name of Chinese bet365 mobile research、Word、say、Debate is the main content，Focus on the application of famous defense，Different from Western abstract theory-oriented debate research，It demonstrates the conscious awareness of the application of argumentation，Thus fully embodying Chinese bet365 mobile。

Indian bet365 mobile "both in history and content，They are all different from bet365 mobile, which is a branch of Western philosophy”。In Kajiyama Yuichi’s view，“Indian bet365 mobile is heteronomous、Psychological；And the result，Indian bet365 mobile has become a different kind of argumentation from formal bet365 mobile”。It is "in the service of orthodox thought in India，It can be said to be a kind of applied bet365 mobile”。Therefore，Indian bet365 mobile with debate as its main content，Same as Chinese bet365 mobile，It is a kind of applied bet365 mobile that focuses on the application of argumentation in practice。The growth of Eastern bet365 mobile has gone through a stage of debate research，But compared with Chinese bet365 mobile，Indian bet365 mobile is particularly distinctive in its focus on argumentation。The Buddhist classic "King Milinda's Questions" tells the conversation between the Greek monarch King Milinda and the Buddhist monk Nagasena Bhikkhu (also known as Longjun)，They mainly debated on Buddhist teachings and precepts。Question and Answer between Bhikkhu Nassen and the King，Similar to the Haoliang debate between Zhuang Zhou and Hui Shi，But we are more particular about the rules of debate。During Q&A，The king asked: "The learned bhikkhu Nagasena，Would you like to discuss this further with me？"Bhikkhu Nassian replied: "O King，If you are willing to discuss issues like a wise man，I am willing。" and said: "But if you plan to discuss the problem like a king，Then I don’t want to。"The king asked: "How did the wise people discuss？Learned Bhikkhu Nassen。"Bhikkhu Nassian said: "O king，In the discussion of wise men，There is tension and relaxation，Concession with persuasion；Can reach agreement，There will also be disagreements。No matter how we discuss the problem，All wise men must be patient，Justice、Stop meaningless quarrels。O king，This is how wise men discuss issues。”From this point of view，The style of debate was prevalent in ancient India，Pay attention to equality and peace，Gives birth to Indian bet365 mobile and continues to grow with it，Constitutes the main theme of Indian bet365 mobile moving along the development path of applied bet365 mobile。

　Eastern bet365 mobile is bet365 mobile based on experience

The ancient Greek syllogistic bet365 mobile is based on the bet365 mobile of mathematical rationalism，Eastern bet365 mobile is different whether it is Chinese bet365 mobile or Indian bet365 mobile。Although there is a certain connection between ancient Chinese reasoning and reasoning in Western bet365 mobile，But it is very different from Western reasoning。Western reasoning theory is based on geometry，Based on the rationalism of pursuing truth，Ancient Chinese reasoning emphasized how to use name debate reasoning to correct names in empirical research，To distinguish right from wrong，Persuade the other party。According to the logical historian Dumitrius，Ancient Chinese reasoning is an in-depth induction method。This induction method goes deep into the essence of the ontology of things，Reveal the laws of their existence，rather than elements of their nature。“This series of obscure reasoning requires a direct penetration into the ontological basis of empirical reality。”Therefore，It emphasizes the respect for “pursuing knowledge through thorough reasoning”，Valuing experience and practical attitude，It is an experience-based bet365 mobile that is different from Western bet365 mobile theory。

The early representative of Indian bet365 mobile is the Righteous bet365 mobile。Its argument has five branches，For example:

Zong (topic): There is fire in this mountain.

Cause (reason): Because there is smoke.

Metaphor (example): Like a stove—not like a lake.

合(Application): The same is true for this mountain.

Conclusion (Conclusion): Therefore, there is fire in the mountain.

The argument here is obviously different from Western syllogistic reasoning。The branches here are repeated，In Western Reasoning，Examples are redundant。But the ancient righteousnessists believe，These five are indispensable。The reason is，Only with five branches can you obtain "the third knowledge"。"The first knowledge" is seeing the smoke and fire in the stove，Thus knowing the connection between smoke and fire。The "second knowledge" is to see the smoke in the mountain before you。“The third knowledge” is the inevitable connection (cause and effect) associated with smoke and fire，Thus we know there is fire in this mountain。This reminds one of the empiricist Hume’s “connection of ideas” statement。“Indian bet365 mobile regards metaphors as indispensable，It therefore necessarily denies the possibility of reasoning without examples”。Visible，The reason why the Righteous Sect adheres to the Five-branch Theory，Because they need to emphasize the decisive role of experience in argumentation。"In Early Indian bet365 mobile，Things that only we can experience concretely，Only before reasoning can be conducted。”Therefore，Eastern bet365 mobile is bet365 mobile based on experience。

　　Eastern bet365 mobile is formal truth and substantial truthCombined bet365 mobile

One of the characteristics of Western mathematical bet365 mobile is the separation of form and substance，And study the relationship between the two on this basis。There is certainly preliminary research on form in Chinese bet365 mobile，For example, there is a reasoning in "Mo Jing·Xiao Qi"，But Chinese bet365 mobile pays more attention to the study of the combination of formal truth and substantive truth。If you don’t consider it from the perspective of combining the two，We cannot reasonably explain arguments like "a white horse is not a horse"。If analyzed from a formal perspective，“A white horse is not a horse” is obviously sophistry，But，If analyzed from the perspective of the combination of formal truth and substantive truth，The proposition "A white horse is not a horse" can be justified by saying: "The name of a horse is also its destiny，White is the color of life。The color of life is not the shape of life。So the white horse is not a horse。”The “non” here means “not equal to”。In the opinion of overseas sinologist Forke，The difficulty considered by Chinese thinkers is，“Gongsun Long understands ordinary horses，And his opponent thought of the white horse，It’s a special kind of horse”，"Genus" "is not equal to" "species"，This is the real basis for the debaters to establish the theory of "a white horse is not a horse"。In other words，From the dual perspective of the combination of formal truth and substantive truth，White horse is not equal to horse，Therefore，"A white horse is not a horse"。

Same，Indian bet365 mobile is different from Western bet365 mobile that emphasizes formality。As mentioned before，Ancient Indian bet365 mobile adheres to the position based on perceptual experience，Based on this position，Indian logicians from ancient times to modern times believe that，The truth of the major premise of reasoning is determined by repeated perceptual experience。Logicians are not content with merely abstract propositions、Formal truth。"They think，The truth of the proposition，Not determined by the proposition itself，Only by examples other than propositions、Decide by experience。”This shows，Indian bet365 mobile is not satisfied with purely formal deductive reasoning methods，It focuses on considering how to combine formal considerations with substantive discussions。In short，“Indian bet365 mobile is less concerned with the formal certainty of knowledge，But the substantial truth”。

　　Eastern bet365 mobile is non-classical deductive bet365 mobile and non-deductive bet365 mobile

　For what is Eastern bet365 mobile，Philosopher Yin Haiguang has a unique view。Although he has a good understanding of both modern bet365 mobile and Indian Buddhist bet365 mobile，However, in "New Introduction to bet365 mobile", he believed that all Indian bet365 mobile can be summed up by Buddhist reasons，Yin Ming is a "by-product of religious thought"，It is “different in content” from modern mathematical bet365 mobile。Therefore，Indian bet365 mobile should be removed from “real bet365 mobile”。In his opinion，Indian bet365 mobile is not “real bet365 mobile”。Actually，In Chinese Academia，There are not a few people who hold Yin Haiguang’s views。The question is: what is the “real bet365 mobile” here？Obviously deductive bet365 mobile。As a follower and propagandist of the Vienna Circle，The bet365 mobile in Yin Haiguang’s mind can only be modern deductive bet365 mobile since Frege。This actually shows，Some people in our country’s academic circles have realized it，Indian bet365 mobile is a different kind of bet365 mobile than deductive bet365 mobile。Then，What exactly is this “bet365 mobile”？

The particularity of Indian logical reasoning is reflected in that it is different from the syllogistic reasoning of Western bet365 mobile，It is also different from the inductive reasoning of Western bet365 mobile。According to Du Guoxiang (Du Shousu)，“Yin Mingze is generally between deductive bet365 mobile and inductive bet365 mobile，From its historical development，It’s towards inductive bet365 mobile”。The "inductive bet365 mobile" mentioned here is in a broad sense，Actually refers to non-deductive bet365 mobile。In Du Guoxiang’s view，Indian bet365 mobile is based on truth seeking，So it can not fall into a form without content，Do not break away from the epistemological position。And we think，Because the three-branch theory is the same as the Chinese dialectics，It is a complex reasoning that contains two or more types of reasoning。Yin Ming has a certain connection with practical reasoning in contemporary Western bet365 mobile，But it is very different from Western practical reasoning。Practical reasoning in Western academic circles emphasizes the application of logical theory in practice，What Yinming emphasizes is how to use logical inferences to establish one's own opinions in debates，And how to refute the other party，Expose the opponent’s fallacies。Compared with Chinese theory of famous debate，Yin Ming is more similar to the causal argument theory in contemporary argument theory。Some scholars have pointed out，It is inappropriate to compare Indian bet365 mobile to Western formal bet365 mobile。There is certainly deductive reasoning in Indian bet365 mobile theory，But because its main reasoning is non-deductive reasoning，Generally speaking, it is still a non-deductive bet365 mobile，As in Carnap's formal system of inductive bet365 mobile，Although there is an element of deductive reasoning，But it is still inductive bet365 mobile。As an application，Non-deductive bet365 mobile that is not logically inevitable，Indian bet365 mobile besides application of causal reasoning，Also an analogy、Examples and other reasoning are combined to illustrate a type of thing，Publish new knowledge。This expands the scope of bet365 mobile。Just as geometry has Euclidean geometry，There are also non-Euclidean geometries，Since bet365 mobile has deductive bet365 mobile，Shouldn’t there be non-deductive bet365 mobile？

Of course，There is also deductive bet365 mobile in Indian bet365 mobile，But mainly non-classical deductive bet365 mobile。Research shows，Indian bet365 mobile is different from the Western bet365 mobile we are familiar with，The difference between the two is that Indian bet365 mobile has no variables，It is a kind of connotative bet365 mobile。Indian bet365 mobile is not propositional bet365 mobile，But class bet365 mobile and predicate bet365 mobile，Indian logicians had proposed the theory of formal implication before the Western logician Frege、Negation theory and some theorems in relational bet365 mobile。It’s worth noting，Indian bet365 mobile also contains non-monotonic reasoning that is common in artificial intelligence bet365 mobile。Oetke studied an ancient Indian theory of bet365 mobile as nonmonotonic reasoning，Consider Indian bet365 mobile as a non-classical bet365 mobile。This research not only opens up a new direction for the study of non-classical deductive bet365 mobile in India，And a certain connection has been established between Eastern bet365 mobile and artificial intelligence bet365 mobile。As the famous bet365 mobile historian Bochensky said，“This is where we see the most originality，The most interesting real formal bet365 mobile”。 Actually，Extensionalism and connotationism complement each other，Classical deductive bet365 mobile and non-classical deductive bet365 mobile are related to each other，Is one of the distinctive features of Indian bet365 mobile。

Ancient Chinese logical reasoning is also different from the syllogism reasoning of Western bet365 mobile，Chinese logical theory is not limited to pure forms without content，Ancient Chinese reasoning is a compound type of reasoning that contains two or more types of reasoning。What most people in the academic community agree on is，Ancient Chinese reasoning is a special kind of practical reasoning。This type of reasoning does not exclude deductive reasoning，But it mainly belongs to non-deductive bet365 mobile。Of course，Some scholars also believe that，In the seemingly paradoxical arguments of Chinese thinkers，Possibly generates a multi-valued logical structure。This multi-valued logical structure is limited to special or individual，It is impossible to reach average。In this structure，The law of excluded middle and the law of contradiction are not universally valid。"Follow the same method，With this multi-valued bet365 mobile system，It is possible to discover coherence patterns in micro domains。It is possible to develop a system that provides a coherent conceptual framework for ancient Chinese thought。”In other words，Ancient Chinese bet365 mobile not only has the characteristics of non-classical deductive bet365 mobile，And it has the characteristics of non-deductive bet365 mobile。

In short，The applicability of Eastern bet365 mobile、Basic experience、The practicality of combining formal truth and substantive truth、The interconnected qualities of non-classical deductive bet365 mobile and non-deductive bet365 mobile，It is a consensus reached after several generations of scholars’ difficult exploration。From the perspective of research methods，This characteristic is based on the Eastern cultural background，Beyond the rigid research method of "according to the west and interpreting the east"，Discovered by grasping the "original form" of the Eastern ideological system。Obviously，This research method is of great significance to both logical and philosophical research。

　(The author is a chair professor of liberal arts at Sichuan University)