Chinese logic and Indian logic are the two major sources of Oriental logic thought。The Indian academic community earlier noticed the study of the logical and ideological characteristics of India。A group of Hindu scholars attempts to reverse the strong influence of Western cultural centralism，Study Indian Logic based on Oriental Religious Cultural Background，Discussion and discussing and discussing and discussing the non -interpret logical ideas in your own tradition from the perspective of argument and argumentation of the East Method。In recent years，The study of the logic characteristics of Chinese academic circles has gradually begun。This is to jointly promote the study of Oriental logic characteristics，and even deepening the entire Oriental logic research laid the foundation。

The pursuit of human rationality，Exploration of the validity of the theory of theory，Common goal of the logic of the East and the West，The commonality of the logic of the East and the West。At the same time，Oriental logic based on the unique language and cultural background of Oriental civilization also has its own specificity。The characteristics of the Eastern logic are actually relative to the characteristics of Western logic，So，Examination of the logic characteristics of the Eastern Logic needs to refer to Western logic。We know，Since the 1980s，Western logic and philosophy opened a steering of research directions，"Practice Scene"。At the same time，Oriental logic, especially Indian logic, has also begun similar "steering"。but，This similar steering East and West has a completely different way of expression，It is mainly reflected in the following four aspects。

　　bet365 live casino games

Logic includes both the pure logic of the most general reasoning rules，also includes the application logic of studying a special field or the laws of special reasoning。Oriental logic originated from the argument as a logical application，and have the characteristics of implementing this application。As early as the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period，Deng Analysis、Hui Shi、Gongsun Long and others will use "debate" as the research object，systematically discussed many problems related to "debate"，and gradually formed a famous debate school。Hui Shi's "Calendar Top" and the "Twenty -one Things" of the defense，Gongsun Long and Xunzi's authentic theory，Han Feizi's "contradictions" and other marking the rise of famous debates。Especially in the later bet365 best casino games Mojia，Jiqin Qin Ming's debate，Completed the iconic book of Chinese logic "Mo Jing"，The first logic system called "famous debate" in human history。Brief words，Chinese logic research is named with name、Resignation、Say、Debate as the main content，Application of Famous Debate，Different from the research on abstract theory for the West，It shows the conscious consciousness of the application of debate，This fully reflects the logic of China。

Indian logic "Whether in history or content，Different logic of a division of division as a western philosophy "。From the perspective of Yoshan Xiong 1，"Indian logic is his law、Psychology; and Results，Indian logic has become a differential study of form logic "。It is "serving India's orthodox thought，It can be said that it is a kind of application logic "。So，Indian logic with argument as the main content，The same as Chinese logic，It is a kind of application logic that focuses on argument in practice。The growth of Oriental logic has gone through a research stage of debate，But compared with Chinese logic，India's logic focuses on the characteristics of the application of debate, which is particularly significant。The Buddhist classics "Milan Tuo's questioning" tells the dialogue between King Milan Tuo, the Greek monarch Milan Tuo and the Buddhist monk (also known as the Dragon Army)，They mainly conduct arguments on Buddhist teachings and precepts。The Q & A of the Sixian Pichu and the King，Similar to Zhuang Zhou and Hui Shi's debate，But more particular about the rules of debate。During the question and answer process，The king asked: "The scholars who are more talented in the first bhikkhu，Are you willing to discuss further with me? "Then the Sin bhikkhu replied:" King，If you are willing to discuss questions like a wise man，I am willing to。"also said:" But if you plan to discuss questions like the king，Then I don’t want to。"The king asked:" How does the wise man discuss? Scholars in the scholars。"The Sin bhikkhu said:" King，In the discussion of the wise man，There is Zhang and Chi，There are persuasive and concessions; you can reach an agreement，There will be differences。No matter how discussions are discussed，Wise men must endure，Justice、Prevent meaningless quarrels。King，This is how the wise man discusses the question。"" From this point of view，The wind of ancient Indian arguments prevail，Pay attention to equality and peace，It has spawned Indian logic and continues to grow with it，It constitutes the main theme of India's logic along the road of application -type logic。

　Oriental logic is an experience -based logic

Bet365 app download Ancient Greek's three -paragraph logic is logic based on mathematical rationalism，Oriental logic is different in both Chinese logic and Indian logic。Although the reasoning of ancient Chinese reasoning and the reasoning in Western logic has certain contacts，But there is a big difference from Western reasoning。Western reasoning theory uses geometry as a copy，Based on the rationalism of the pursuit of truth，Ancient Chinese reasoning emphasizes how to use the name in the research research to rectify the name，To distinguish between right and wrong，persuade the other party。According to logic historian Domito Risai，Ancient Chinese reasoning is a in -depth summary law。This induction method deepen the essence of the ontology，Reveal the rules they exist，instead of the elements of their nature。"This series of obscure reasoning requirements directly deepen into the foundation of the experienced ontology。"So，What it emphasizes respect for "poor knowledge"，Pay attention to experience and practical attitude，It is an experience -based logic that is different from Western logic theory。

Early representatives of Indian logic are the logic of the right faction。Its argument is five branches，that is, such as:

Zong (topic): There is fire in this mountain.

Reason (reason): There are dumplings.

metaphor (Example): Ruchi -not Lake.

Combined (Application): The same is true of this mountain.

end (conclusion): Therefore, there is fire in this mountain.

The argument here is obviously different from Western three -paragraph argument。The score here is repeated，In Western reasoning，metaphor is excess。But the ancient ritual faction thinks，These five branches are missing。The reason is，Only with five branches can we get the "third knowledge"。"The first knowledge" is to see the smoke and fire in the stove，To know the connection between smoke and fire。"The Second Knowledge" is to see the smoke in this mountain。"Third Knowledge" is to connect with smoke and fire (cause and effect) must be connected，From this to know that there is fire in this mountain。This can not help but think of the "connection of ideas" of empiricist Hume。"Indian logic science not only regards the metaphorical example as an indispensable，Therefore, it must deny the possibility of reasoning if you cannot find an example "。Visible，If the right faction should adhere to the five discussions，It is because they need to emphasize the decisive role of experience in demonstration。"In the early Indian logic，Only things we can experience，can be reasonable。"So，Oriental logic is an experience -based logic。

　　Oriental logic is true and essentially trueLogic combined

One of the characteristics of Western mathematical logic is the separation of form and substance，Study the relationship between the two on this basis。Of course, the preliminary research on form in Chinese logic，For example, there are 侔 reasoning in "Mo Jing · Small"，But Chinese logic attaches more importance to the study of the combination of true and substantial truth。If you do not consider from the perspective of the two，We cannot reasonably explain the argument like "white horse non -horse"。If analysis of a single form perspective，"White Horse Fei Ma" is obviously a sophistry，but，Analysis of the perspective of the combination of form and substantial truth，The proposition of "White Horse Fei Ma" can be said from the same way: "The horses are also life -shaped，White, so the life color also。Non -Destiny of the Life Color also。Therefore, white horse is not horses。"" Non "here is the meaning of" not equal "。In the opinion of overseas Sinologist FORKE，The difficulty considers by Chinese thinkers is，"Gongsun Long knows the general horse，And his argument opponent's white horse，Is a special horse "，"genus", "not equal to", "species"，This is the true foundation of the debater's establishment of the "white horse non -horse" theory。That is to say，Look at the dual perspective of the combination of formal and substantial truth，White Horse "does not mean" horse，So，"White Horse Fei Ma"。

Similarly，Indian logic and Western emphasis are different from the logic of different logic。As mentioned earlier，Ancient India logic adheres to the experience of perception experience，Based on this position，Ancient to modern Indian logicists think，The trueness of the premise of reasoning is determined by repeated perception experience。Logic scholars are not just satisfied with the abstraction of the proposition、Formally truth。"They think，The authenticity of the proposition，I can't help but decide on the proposition，but only metaphorical examples other than propositions、Experience to decide。"" This indicates，Indian logic theory is not satisfied with the pure form of interpretation reasoning method，Emphasis on considering how to combine formal considerations with substantial discussions。Brief words，"India's logic is more concerned about the solidity of the form of knowledge，but substantial truth "。

　　Oriental logic is a classic interpretation logic and non -interpretation logic

What is oriental logic，Philosopher Yin Haiguang has a unique view。Although he has a good understanding of modern logic and Indian Bet365 lotto review Buddhist logic，But in "Logic New", he believes that all Indian logic can be used by the Buddhist family，Because Ming is "by -product of religious thought"，and modern mathematical logic "is not the same in content"。So，Please go out for the logic of Indian logic from "real logic"。In his opinion，Indian logic is not "real logic"。Actually，In Chinese academic circles，People holding Yin Haiguang are not in a few。The question is: What is the "real logic" here? Obviously it is deducting logic。As a follower and propaganda of the Vienna School，The logic in Yin Haiguang's mind can only be the modern interpretation logic since Fredig。This actually indicates，Some people already recognize the academic community in my country，Indian logic is a logic that is different from interpretation logic。So，What is this "logic"?

The particularity of the Indian logic reasoning is reflected in its three -segmental theory reasoning that is different from Western logic，Also different from the inductive reasoning of Western logic。According to Du Guozhen (Du Shou Su)，"Yin Ming is generally between interpretation logic and inductive logic，From the theory of its historical development，Walk towards the logic of induction "。The "inductive logic" mentioned here is a broad sense，Actually refers to the logic of right and wrong。From the perspective of Du Guoji，Indian logic built on the basis of truth -based，Therefore, it can not fall in the form of no content，Positions that do not leave the theory of knowledge。and we think，The three branches of the Ming Dynasty are the same as that of Chinese names，It is a complex reasoning containing two or more or more inferences。Intelligence has a certain connection with the practical reasoning in contemporary Western logic，But it is very different from the practical reasoning of the West。Practical reasoning of the Western academic community emphasizes the application of logic theory in practice，Due to the emphasis on how to use logical inferences in argument to establish your own claims，How to refute the other party，Reveal the error of the enemy。Compared with the Chinese debate theory，Yin Ming is more similar to the theory of cause and effect in contemporary debate theory。Some scholars have pointed out，It is inappropriate to attach Indian logic to Western form logic。Of course, there is a deductive reasoning in India logic theory，But because of its main reasoning right and wrong interpretation reasoning，Overall is still a non -interpretation logic，It's like in the Calnap's inductive logic form bet365 live casino games system，Although there are interpretation of inference ingredients，But it is still inductive logic。As an application，Non -interpretation logic that must be launched logically，Indian logic except for application cause and effect，Also with analogy、Examples, etc. Inference combination to clarify a class，Introduction of new knowledge。This expands the range of logic。Just as geometry has European geometry，There are also non -European geometry，Logic has deducting logic，Shouldn't there be non -interpretation logic?

Of course，Indian logic also has interpretation logic，But mainly the classic interpretation logic。Research indicates，Indian logic is different from the Western logic we are familiar with，The difference between the two is that the logic of India does not change the yuan，Is a kind of connotation logic。Indian logic is not proposition logic，but the logic of the type of logic and predicate，Indian logic scientists have proposed formal containment theory before Western logicist Freder、Negative theorem in the theorem and the logic of relational logic。It is worth noting that it is，There are also non -monotonous reasoning commonly common in artificial intelligence logic in Indian logic。Oetke studied an ancient Indian logic theory as a non -monotonous reasoning，See Indian logic as a non -classic logic。This research not only opened up the new direction of Indian non -classic interpretation logic research，and a certain connection is established between Oriental logic and artificial intelligence logic。As the famous logic historian Po Husky said，"We have only seen here the most original，The most interesting real formal logic "。 Actually，Expositeism and connotation complement each other，Classic interpretation logic is interconnected with non -classic interpretation logic，is one of the significant features of Indian logic。

Ancient Chinese logic reasoning is also different from the three -stage theory reasoning of Western logic，Chinese logic theory is not limited to pure form without content，Ancient Chinese reasoning is a composite reasoning containing two or more inferences。Most people in the academic community agree with，Ancient Chinese reasoning is a special practical reasoning。This kind of reasoning does not rule out interpretation push，but mainly belong to non -interpretation logic。Of course，Some scholars think，In the seemingly paradoxical argument in Chinese thinkers，May produce a multi -value logical structure。This multi -value logic structure is limited to special or individual，bet365 Play online games It is impossible to reach general。In this structure，Laws and contradictions are not generally effective。"According to this method，With this multi -value logic system，It is possible to find the integration mode of the micro field。It is possible to develop a system that provides a conceptual framework for ancient Chinese thinking。"" In other words，Ancient Chinese logic not only has a non -classic interpretation logic characteristics，And with non -interpretation logic features。

In short，Application of Oriental Logic、Foundation of Experience、Practicality combining the true and essence of form、The characteristics of non -classic interpretation logic and non -interpretation logic are interconnected，Consensus obtained by the difficult exploration of several generations of scholars。From the perspective of the research method，This trait is from the Eastern cultural background，Research method beyond the rigid "according to West Shi East"，It was excavated by grasping the "original state" of the oriental thought system。Obviously，This research method has important significance for logic and philosophical research。

　(The author is a professor of liberal arts in Sichuan University)