From Aristotle to the distinguished district of people's production activities and ethical practice，Production activities related to technology is actually considered to have no direct relationship with people's ethical and moral practice，and lower value than the latter，Because "the so -called practical rationality (practical wisdom) of practical philosophy (practical wisdom) lies in grasping and planning for its own completeness with rich life experience; the rationality of making philosophy as a skill，The purpose is to generate a certain object，Local good。Practical philosophy The so -called practice is the purpose of its own activity，The production of philosophy is the purpose outside its own activity。Practice is unconditional、Free activities; production is conditional、Non -freedom activity "。After combining this view with Christian thought，Live in Europe for a long time in Europe，Even if you only need to mention "Practical Philosophy" now，Most people still first think of people’s ethical and moral activities，I will not even think of production activities represented by scientific and technological activities today。In fact，Aristotle "The core content and ultimate interest of practical philosophy is how to promote people's 'freedom' and 'perfection'，That is to promote the realization of human virtue (potential)，Promote the growth and integrity of people "。Therefore，It should be completely incorporated with people's various production activities with related technical objects into the scope of the inspection of practical philosophy。Because various tools and technological progress are liberating human beings from their own physiological limitations，The role that enters it into a wider and deep field is not to be ignored。Isn't this the most direct promotion of technology for people's "freedom", "perfection" and "growth"? Further say，The development of technology not only changes people’s ethical and moral concepts，It is still on a more basic level to determine the human survival mode。People’s behavioral conditions and human social material foundations，Fundamentally in the field of ethics。So，The extension of technology as a person should be associated with the highest goal of this ethics。Converse，Ethics that does not consider the impact of technical conditions is incomplete，or even empty，Because people's actual behavior cannot be separated from the specific environment，"The surrounding world is generally a technical civilization world created bet365 best casino games by people"。As the Dutch technician of the Netherlands, Vibake said: "If we do not make the technical interpretation of human beings、Practice and decision to consider it，Human beings cannot be regarded as a complete moral actor。”

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Technology has a huge positive effect on promoting the freedom and improvement of people，The advancement of medical technology can not only enhance personal happiness，And can avoid many people tragedy。Because technology helps people to achieve the goals of ethics，Technology should be regarded as a means of practical moral principles，The operating problem of "how can people effectively promote the law of moral laws to follow the law of morality" has always been a short board in previous practical philosophy。Although Kant's practical philosophy provides a very perfect proof for moral law，But when facing the above operating problems，Even a great philosopher such as Kant is still unavoidable to fall into Christian's set of Chen Rotten。But，Numerous facts of ancient, modern China and foreign countries have long proved that any form of moral preaching has a limited role in promoting moral practice，Especially when the actual situation is directly threatened to the living composition of people，Most people will place their own survival at the highest priority and ignore all ethics。For example，Ancient China with Confucianism as the official ideology attaches great importance to human relationships like "Father and Filial Piety"，But when the famine war encountered，The words "Eat and Eat" are still common in history books。If a certain abstract moral law will cause the main body of its subject，So this moral law is tantamount to jokes。This is why the Court of Court of the Court of Court of Famous "British Queen's Ladder and Stephenis Case" (also known as the "Beach Case") was sentenced to death.，But the Queen of England finally used privileges to pardon it for pardon。So，We must face up to the environment and conditions of moral practice，Especially material conditions。For this，The sages have already made it clear: "Cangxian is real but knows ceremony，Full of clothing and clothing knows honor and disgrace。"" So，How to achieve "Cangka Ji，What about clothing?。

In fact，Humans construct their own living environment and material conditions through technology，People live in their own technical environment，There is no pure natural person in the world，That is, do not rely on technical means、People who integrate with the natural environment，Only animals live like this。Actually，The technical environment is an important feature that distinguish between people and animals，Because even in the simplest original civilization，bet365 best casino games They are also using spear、Bow and arrow、Technical items like Caotaka，So "Technology plays a constructive role in our daily life。They help shaform our actions and experiences，Provide information for our moral judgment，and affect our quality of life "。​​And in fact, moral concepts need to constantly adjust themselves to adapt to the technical environment created by human beings，Because "technology has evolved faster than culture"，Because "technology has evolved faster than culture"，If you have the popularity of the Internet first，Only with the moral norms of the Internet。

Although Kant's pure rational moral law is logically consistent，But it is purely abstract; it is precisely because it is pure abstract，Only in form is impeccable。But，Any moral behavior is specific，It happened in the real environment。As described above，Technology directly constitutes a human living environment，So human moral practice is fundamentally defined by technology，The role of technology in moral behavior is not purely neutral，Because "moral decision is usually not just made by people，Instead, it is formed by the influence of people used by people and the technology used.，such as radar speed metering equipment is the moral environment of driving vehicles，Without the speed measurement，There is not much practical significance to limit the speed。From the perspective of historical experience and the current development trend，Technology's behavior of standardized people、Promoting people's good，Play an important positive role。Total to say，As today's technology facilities are becoming more and more precise、Intelligent，The cost and risk of evil are getting higher and higher，The risk of doing good is getting lower and lower, but the benefits are getting greater，Because audio and video records can restore the scene、Clarifying the facts、Reserve evidence。Under this condition，Evil lines are becoming more and more likely to be investigated and condemned with technical means，As a result, effective punishment and deterrence of evil lines formed。

　　Technology's foundation of morality and moral constraints

More importantly，Science and Technology is not only the background of shaping the living conditions of people and the moral behavior of people，At the same time, it also provides theoretical basis for moral behavior，That is the basis for becoming a moral practice。The primitive person knows that the parent fertility will produce deformities with experience，But because it is unknown，Can only treat this kind of thing as the curse and punishment of God。So，Regardless of Chinese and foreign，During the initial formation period of various civilizations，How much to explain the origin of morality is bet365 live casino games always related to super natural forces。The moral law order also has a certain mystery from the origin，And this unpredictable mystery can be easily lifted into unknown and ignorant sacredness，The original moral laws that have a positive significance often rigidly become a dogmatic dogmatic and restricting social development because of ignorance，If the concept of excessive chastity of women has appeared in various traditional civilizations。but，When modern medicine makes us know the principle of fertility，Extreme chastity as "men and women do not receive kiss" will lose its basis; when genetic technology allows us to know why close parents will cause deformities，The results of the incest will not be resorted to the punishment of the gods; when the human family and altruistic behavior can also be explained to a fairly extent，The source and basis of morality is completely dismissed，People’s moral concepts，Even the faith has changed with this。So far，Technology can not only clarify and explain the inherited moral concepts，While eliminating the old morality of the out of place，It also provides a clear and solid basis for the new moral standards，If the hazards of Tobacco are confirmed by scientific methods，Smoking in public places becomes immoral，Even illegal。In the basis of technology for the rule of morality，It also completely reveals the sacred veil of morality，Because the specific content of moral standards will change with the advancement of technology，That is, morals will evolve，It also needs to adapt to the new social environment。

But，We must not simply believe that morality is completely passive for technology，Moral is just passively conforming to the development of technology。On the contrary，Because technology is the perfect and extension of people，and closely related to the specific behavior of people，It needs to be constrained by morality and law like a human behavior，It cannot be allowed to develop unlimitedly，Even being abused。The development of this technology today is different，Nano、Genes and other technologies can already design and transform the arrangement of micro particles and the way of reproduction and development of life，The big data generated by the combination of digital equipment and the Internet is no longer pervasive and the details of each person's daily life are always monitored，The moral responsibility undertaken by technology is unprecedented and larger and larger。The so -called "the greater the power，The greater the responsibility "，"Technology is the manifestation of human power，Is a form of action，All human actions are tested by morality "。So，Technology also needs moral constraints and ethical review without Bet365 lotto review unprecedented technology，And this kind of need is actually very urgent，Because modern technical power has developed to human beings that cannot be fully controlled or even completely due to other people's madness or stupidity, the destruction of all mankind。This is an unprecedented new situation in human history，The border and purpose of the development of scientific and technological development is the most significant ethical problem and moral obligation of our time。For this question，Confucian traditional thoughts and the three moral forms provided by Kant still have content worthy of reference and reference。Because，Although it is impossible to fully predict which new technologies and application methods will be produced in the future，But any behavior only meets "what you want，Do not apply to people "principle，As long as it can be "universal" and uses people as "purpose"，Then it is unlikely to be immoral。

　　Technology's intention and moral responsibility

Technical objects as an extension of human body and externalization of will，Directly reflects human intentions。"Technology has‘ intention ’，Technology is not a neutral tool，They play an active role in the relationship between people and the world "，"Express the intention of the intention through technical objects，intent can point to artificial material，And the intention can even be based on artificial things "。Although the technical object has no free will，Not a moral actor in the full sense，But it can reflect and solidify the intention of people，If the deceleration belt sends a deceleration to the driver，Ticket check gate issues the requirements for ticket purchase to passengers，Technical objects in this sense are the publishers of moral commands，instead of just a tool、An intermediary of a human will。So，Technical objects actually reflect and have motivation for behavior，That is the externalization and solidification of human behavior motivation; so，The technical object itself can also classify and evaluate from the level of motivation and functions，is positive、Negative、Neutral motivation。For example，Technical objects such such a technical object，Its motivation and function is positive，The motivation and function of the biochemical weapon is negative，Because of its original purpose and the function that can be generated, there is only harm to humans。So，Technology such as manufacturing biochemical weapons should be morally condemned。Another，There is also a motivated but a neutral technology object in terms of motivation，Such as a kitchen knife。

Although technical objects are the externalization and solidification of human intentions，But in fact, it is more important to open up the possibility for human behavior，The bet365 best casino games intention of any technical object is actually "cannot be completely restored to the intention of the designer and the user"，"No one can foresee the introduction of energy -saving bulbs，In fact, people use more energy "。and high -heeled shoes were originally designed to facilitate the knight riding，Even the sanitary napkin was originally used to bandage wounds for injured soldiers。So，We don't have to worry too much about "humanity" as "humanity" as "humanity" as Heidegger.。What really needs to pay attention to is the induction and amplification effect of technology in the inherent evil instincts of human nature，Because some technical objects create possibilities for sin rather than benefit people，If the gun makes the killing simple and efficient，Create convenience for the killing，will guide people’s intentions，As Li Hongzhang said: "Being with weapon，Killing Heart Self -Raise。"So，No one can deny the connection between the crime rate of the high crime of the United States and the flooding and out of control.，Because "The gun is not just a tool、An intermediary of a human free will; the gun is promoted to the definition of the situation and the definition of the actor because it provides specific possibilities for action。The gun turned the gunman into a potential killer，Turn his or her opponent into a potential death victim "。From this aspect，The gun is not completely innocent in criminal behavior，Technical items have its own moral responsibility，People should consider this responsibility when designing and using technical items。Mencius said: "Prevention of disaster is not caused by the first injury。Knowing and doing cautiously，A gentleman is not standing below the critical wall，焉 焉。"This prompts people consider its possible consequences when inventing a new tool，and whether there must be restrictions on the range of its use。

other，When a nuclear power plant accident can pollute the entire ocean，When genetic technology can "customize fetuses"，When the big data is pervasive and non -entered，"The world itself has become a laboratory"，Everyone has become a charged experimental object。In modern society，Science is no longer a pure theory problem that has nothing to do with reality，Because "the task of science is gradually subject to external interests rather than the logic of science itself"。Aristotle's distinction between the first philosophy and the second philosophy is not applicable at this time。In fact，Since modern times，Thoughts and actions penetrate procedurally，Therefore, the division of theoretical and practice has collapsed。When scientific theory is the power to promote technological progress, it serves actual purposes，Even when it'bet365 best casino games s just economic purpose，Then theoretical exploration is actually a action; and action means consequences，"So，The traditional difference between ‘pure’ science and ‘application’ science is outdated anyway ”。In this case，The kind of unlimited free exemption that is once enjoyed by science is invalid.，Because any action is within the scope of moral value，The value of the value of action must be combined with the intention behind it，This is also applicable to scientific theory。

When a theory itself is from some kind of malicious chart and is invented (such as Social Darwinism)，Or may be applied to some kind of malicious diagram for its own interests，If the "PseudoadDiction" theory that once popular in the United States is used to be used as a fraudulent propaganda and abuse of an analgesic drug -proof drug produced by Purdue Company，It can no longer be able to open up the moral responsibility that only describes and explains the facts as an excuse。Especially in this era of close combination of capital and technology and constantly creating new consumer demand for human beings，More alert to "Scientific Theory"、In fact, the sinister heart behind the fallacy of marketing means。As Janas pointed out and advocated as early as half a century ago: "The freedom of research cannot be unconditional"，"We have no contraindication at all，In view of its new type of power，You must voluntarily establish a new taboo "。

　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on Humanism Philosophy of Contemporary Emerging Technology" (20&ZD045) Staged results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Heilongjiang University)