Questioning the origins of Chinese local philosophy before the Tang and Song Dynasties，Using "theory of root and cause" as the basic method，This kind of bet365 new customer offer is concise and effective in solving the problem of "the existence of experience before"，But there are also theoretical difficulties that are difficult to overcome。To this，Many explorations have been done from metaphysics to Buddhism，The bet365 new customer offer of “body function” is gradually established。But the Buddhist theory of body and function is difficult to relate to the world because of its unreality、Human ethics compatible，This leaves room for Neo-Confucianism to continue exploring，Early Neo-Confucianists, mainly represented by the "Five Scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty", concentrated on demonstrating the theoretical awareness and efforts of bet365 new customer offer transformation。

　　Everything has its origin and its end: traditional bet365 new customer offer and its difficulties

Philosophy is nothing more than questioning the bet365 new customer offer. aboutOriginal，Chinese philosophy was first expressed as "Tao"。Whether pre-Qin or Han Dynasty，Regardless of Confucianism、Taoism or other schools，The basic method of questioning "Tao" can be roughly summarized into three steps: Compare things、Analysis，Make a distinction between "origin" and "end"，Select the "original" aspect as the origin。Confucius’s “Benevolence”、Mencius’ “Xing”、Xunzi’s “Rites”、Lao Zhuang's "nothing" and Dong Zhongshu's "heaven, earth and man" were all produced in this way，This way of bet365 new customer offer can be called "essential theory"。

Taking Confucianism as an example，The Analects of Confucius once contained the words of Zi: "A gentleman is committed to his roots，The foundation is established and the Tao is born。A filial brother，It is the foundation of benevolence！" ("Xue Er") Ziyou criticized Zixia's disciples and said: "Zixia's disciples are brats，Be a sweeper、Coping、Advance and retreat，That’s fine。Yi Mo Ye，The original is nothing。Ruzhihe？" ("Zi Zhang") Youzi emphasized that "a gentleman should stick to his roots"，Ziyou clearly uses "origin" and "mo" as examples。There is also rich "root and end" bet365 new customer offer in Taoist thought，For example, Lao Tzu once asked three questions in a row about the relationship between life and fame and wealth: "Who is related to fame and body？Who has more bodies or goods？Which disease is gain or die？That’s why if we love you very much, you will spend a lot of money，To hide too much will lead to death。Satisfied without humiliation，Knowing where to stop will never end，Can last for a long time。"("Laozi" Chapter 44) The verdict is clear。In addition，From "Yi Zhuan"'s "One Yin and One Yang is called Tao" to Dong Zhongshu's "Heaven", "Earth" and "Human" (or "Xing" and "Li") are all based on the "root and end" An example of questioning the origin of bet365 new customer offer。Anyway，Most of the schools and factions in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties had a methodological awareness of "theory of fundamentals"。

It can be seen from the above analysis，The characteristic or form of "original" bet365 new customer offer mainly emphasizes the priority of "original" at the empirical level，The origin questioned in this way can be said to be a "pre-existence of experience"。In the empirical world，“The theory of root and cause” does have its important value，To a certain extent, it can guide people’s understanding and practice at a time and place。But the empiric nature of “essential theory”、Concreteness also makes it face insurmountable theoretical difficulties。

First，The difficulty of "essential theory" is that bet365 new customer offer easily leads to relativism and utility first。To this，The dialogue between Renren and Mencius’s disciple Wuluzi recorded in "Mencius Gaozi Xia" can be used as an explanation。Ren Ren asked Wuluzi a sharp question: If benevolence, justice, propriety and wisdom are the "foundation"，So when benevolence, justice, propriety and wisdom encounter real survival problems that have to be solved, such as food and sex，How should people choose？If one has to choose food and sex，Then benevolence, justice, propriety and wisdom can still be called "the foundation"，Is food and sex just "the end"？The house was questioned，Mencius did not give a satisfactory answer。Here，The judgment of "origin" and "mo" can easily change due to different situations，Empirical “end-and-last theory” can easily fall into relativism and utility first。Question，An ever-changing，How can the "origin" that may even disappear become the origin in the philosophical sense？

Secondly，Closely related to the previous aspect，The difficulty of "essential theory" is also reflected in that bet365 new customer offer can easily lead to philosophical pluralism，This is more obvious in Dong Zhongshu。Dong Zhongshu advocated heaven、Place、The "Three Fundamentals" that everyone is the foundation of all things，Or further summarized as Tian (the natural sky)、The "Two Essays" on Humanity (Humanistic Education)，“Heaven and Earth” give shape to all things，“Man” gives order to all things，“Three editions” or “two editions” can coexist without deviating from each other。However，How can pluralism be a thorough and ultimate philosophical question？

Finally，From the exploration and practice of "Essential Theory" in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties，Most scholars emphasize the importance of "original"，Some scholars even advocate abandoning "mo"，For example, Lao Tzu has the tendency of "worshiping the original and resting on the last"。In bet365 new customer offer case，The "mo" in a certain situation is likely to have no value，The disappearance of "mo" does not seem to have a substantial impact on "ben"，The result is likely to make things lose their integrity。For example, Lao Tzu often uses trees as a metaphor，Emphasis on its fundamentals，The leaves and branches are at the end。If we follow the "essential theory"，Remove all leaves and branches，The tree can still maintain its integrity、Richness and vitality？

"Many theoretical difficulties faced by "essential theory"，Making it difficult to provide strong theoretical support to the people of the time during the turbulent era of the late Han, Wei, and Jin Dynasties，Scholars in the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties began to explore new ways of bet365 new customer offer and coping methods。

　　bet365 new customer offer and Contemplating Change: Efforts from Metaphysics to Buddhism

I have to say，"Essentialism" itself contains the element of self-change。Mencius said, "The creatures of heaven are also，Envoy's copy" ("Mencius Tengwengong 1")，Lao Tzu said, "In the past, those who found one，Heaven must be clear，The land is at peace，God gets one spirit，The grain is profitable，All things must live together，The princes and kings will be convinced that the world is loyal" (Chapter 39 of "Laozi")，Wait。These discussions all have the meaning of pursuing "one book"。However，They are still generally empirical，Still within the framework of “essayism”，Does not constitute a substantial change in this bet365 new customer offer。

The one who really took a crucial step，Wang Bi counts as one。Wang Bi believes that Lao Tzu’s core proposition is “respecting the original and resting on the last”，But he didn’t stop with Lao Tzu，But it is further proposed that "Chong Ben Ju Mo" or "Ju Ben Tong Mo"，Not only attaches great importance to the "essential" but does not abandon the "end"，It contains the bet365 new customer offer intention of “putting both the root and the bottom together”，And behind this is a new understanding of the relationship between "one" and "many"。Wang Bi’s annotation of "Laozi" Chapter 42 says: "All things are in all shapes and forms，Its return to unity...the birth of all things，I know his master，Although there are many forms，Chongqiyiyan...that's one of the things，Even three，The situation is different，The Tao is close？”“All things in all shapes and forms，Its return to unity indicates that all things (many) have the possibility of unity，“One of the things that has been said，Even three，The situation is different，The "Tao can be close" shows that all things (many) have the necessity of unity。This idea not only pursues the one yuan of "original", that is, "one book"，Another attempt to capture the “mo” (many) under the “one book”，Showing efforts to transform traditional “root and end” bet365 new customer offer。Unfortunately，Why “one” includes “many”，Wang Bi did not and could not give an in-depth argument，Because this "one" is still an empirical existence in the final analysis。

After Wang Bi and others，Buddhism brings a new way of questioning the origin，Making substantial transformation and development of China’s local “root and end” bet365 new customer offer。Youdaosheng worth mentioning，His main contribution is the theory of "Great Enlightenment"。Yin Zhidun’s “little epiphany” theory，There are ten levels of practice and enlightenment，It is called ten dwellings，Below the sixth level is gradual enlightenment，Enlightenment can only be achieved when you go up to the seventh level。Taosheng canceled the sequential nature of enlightenment，Believe that people do not need to go through the process of gradual enlightenment，Enlightenment as soon as you realize it，The basis is that "the reason is inseparable"。This "principle" should refer to Buddhist principles、Buddha nature，It is the origin of Buddhist questioning。Because "reason" is inseparable，Understanding of "reason"、Understanding is also inseparable，Everything is enlightened as soon as it is realized。The concept of "reasons are inseparable" contains a metaphysical paradigm that is different from traditional empirical bet365 new customer offer，It can be said to be a kind of transcendent bet365 new customer offer or speculative bet365 new customer offer，And this kind of bet365 new customer offer is the theoretical premise for transforming the "root and end" paradigm。

At Seng Zhao’s place，Speculative bet365 new customer offer has matured，The shadow of this kind of bet365 new customer offer can be seen in every chapter of "Zhao Lun"。According to Tang Yongtong，"Zhao Gong's Doctrine，In one word: it is ready for use”。Refining the bet365 new customer offer of "body and function" as a basic principle of Buddhism and consciously discussing it，It must belong to "The Theory of Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana"，His interpretation of the Mahayana is based on the bet365 new customer offer of "body and function"，But there is an additional "phase" link，This is the characteristic of Buddhist bet365 new customer offer of "body, phase and function"。Because "phase" and "use" are highly related，There are too many descendants but the “appearance” is not prominent，Even "phase" and "use" are often confused，Simplified as "Ti Yong Theory"。Later, the northern and southern sects of Zen also had theoretical and methodological awareness of this。

The "body" of Buddhism's "Typology (Appearance) Theory"，It is an existence beyond the empirical world，No reality，Essence is the "emptiness" of "dependent origination"，Dharma Tibet has made this very clear in his explanation of the "Golden Lion"。At the same time，“Yong” can refer to the potential of “body”、Present、Function or attribute, etc.。“Body (Phase) Theory” can take different forms in different contexts，may have different characteristics。But no matter what form、Features，The "body (appearance) theory" all denies that everything in the world has a real origin，Explain the world as a logical construction of time and space rather than an empirical construction of time and space。This way，“Ben” is no longer the empirical pre-existence，became the transcendent being；"Mo" is no longer the existence of "it is a pity to throw it away if it is tasteless"，It is homologous to body、Rise according to the body，This solves to a certain extent the difficulties of traditional “root and end” bet365 new customer offer。

　One Source of bet365 new customer offer and Function: The Diverse Practices of Early Neo-Confucianism

After the exploration and practice of Buddhism，The bet365 new customer offer of "body function" was very mature in the Tang and Song Dynasties。When Song Confucians came out to revive Confucianism、When creating a new philosophical paradigm，They have been able to familiarly grasp the theoretical difficulties of traditional "root and end" bet365 new customer offer and the bet365 new customer offer orientation of "body-function" bet365 new customer offer at that time。Especially as a pioneer of Neo-Confucianism、The founder’s “Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty”，Consciously or unconsciously, they all have different ways of bet365 new customer offer about "body function"、Different levels of exploration and application。

Shao Yong’s “Typology Theory” shows a unique form。He said，“Those who use it，心也。Ti Ye Zhe，Traces”，“The body is behind heaven and earth，Use heaven and earth first”。"心" means "用"，"Trace" is "body"；"Xinyong" innate，"Trace body" the day after tomorrow。Shao Yong’s so-called "body" inherits the concept of "taking form as body" from Chinese native philosophy，That is, Kong Yingda’s concept of “body is the name of form”。“Yong” is interpreted as “innate heart”，That is, the ultimate principle of everything in the world，And "use" "comes before" "body"，This gives "use" a transcendental color，Making Shao Yong's "Typology Theory" show the efforts of speculative philosophy。And，Different from Buddhist bet365 new customer offer，Shao Yong believes that the original "heart function" is not emptiness，But the truth，This is also the key difference between early Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism。

Although Zhou Dunyi did not have a clear discussion of "body" and "function"，His philosophical system also shows "body-use" bet365 new customer offer。"Tongshu" says: "Movement without stillness，Quiet and motionless，wuye。Moving but not moving，Quiet but not quiet，神也。Moving but not moving，Quiet but not quiet，Neither motion nor tranquility。Things do not make sense，Wonderful things。”“Object” has the attributes of movement and stillness，Not still when moving，Stand still，The two states cannot coexist，This is also in line with people’s experience and understanding。"God" means "moving but not moving，Quiet but not quiet”，Complementing it is "(objects) move but (gods) do not move"，(things) are still but (gods) are not still”，“God” is not stuck in the state of movement and stillness of “things”，Having a side that transcends “things”。Of course，Although "God" transcends "things", it is not separated from "things"，The actual relationship between the two is physical and functional。

Zhang Zai’s philosophy not only shows his efforts to develop “physical and practical” bet365 new customer offer，He also made a powerful criticism of the way of bet365 new customer offer of Buddhism and Taoism from the perspective of "body theory"。As he once said: "If you say you can't be angry，Then virtual infinity，Limited energy，Special body and function，Enter Lao’s theory that life is born out of nature，I don’t know whether there is confusion or not。If all phenomena are seen in Taixu，Then things and virtuality are not mutually beneficial，Shape from shape，Xing Zi Xing，Shape、Heaven and man exist without treating each other，The theory of being trapped in the pagoda and seeing the mountains, rivers and the earth as the source of illness。”In the criticism of Buddhism and Taoism，Zhang Zai’s philosophical concepts are also clearly highlighted。In his opinion，The relationship between "Xu" and "Qi" is not purely empirical.，It is not a pure meaning presentation relationship，It is a "mixed one" and "mutually funded" entity-utility relationship。

Compared with Shao Yong、Zhou Dunyi、Zhang Zai，Er Cheng's application of "physical and practical" bet365 new customer offer is more mature。In the eyes of Er Cheng and his disciples，“Body-use” bet365 new customer offer is an important link in Chengmen’s philosophy，It can even be called "Tianji"。After the completion of "The Book of Changes of the Cheng Family"，Until the disciples ask for advice，Cheng Yicai took out the book and showed it to others。Yin Zhen’s question seems to reveal the reason why Cheng Yi is so cautious，That is, the “one source of body and function” in the book，The concept contained in the words "Microscopic and seamless" actually comes from Huayan Sect。You can indeed see the shadow of the Huayan Sect’s theory of relationship between directors and directors from Er Cheng’s “Essential Theory”，But Ercheng learned from its logical form，Give it new connotation。On the one hand，The "principle" as the "body" is transcendent、The only origin，The so-called "there is only one principle in the world"，"Everything is just a natural principle"，“Principle” is the ultimate basis of the world，“Qi” is the expression and expression of “Li”；On the other hand，Er Cheng’s “principles” are very different from Huayan’s “principles”，But it has reality、Morality，The so-called "There is no truth in the world"，“Only reason and truth”，“The benevolent one，The right principle of the world"。Based on this, Ercheng constructed the ontology of "living body and qi function"、The theory of human nature of "nature, body, emotion and function" and "cultivating one's body with respect"、The Gongfu theory of “promoting knowledge and learning for practical use”。

In short，From Shao Yong、Zhou Dunyi、Zhang Zai Er Cheng，A real "body theory" is gradually established。Although the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty" had different ideological orientations，Theoretical maturity varies，But the overall trend is from empirical "essential theory" to speculative "physical theory"，This kind of effort to transform bet365 new customer offer is what makes Neo-Confucianism happen、The core driving force of development，Promoted the first large-scale paradigm shift in traditional Chinese philosophy。

(bet365 new customer offer article is a phased result of the key project "Research on Traditional Confucian Philosophy of Mind" (20FZXA005) funded by the National Social Science Fund in the later stage)

(Author’s unit: International Confucian Institute of Shandong Academy of bet365 new customer offer)