The original question of the original Chinese philosophy of Chinese native philosophy，Based on "Binomotive Theory" as the basic method，This thinking is simple and effective in solving the problem of "existence of experience"，But there are also theoretical difficulties that are difficult to overcome。For this，Many explorations have been made from metaphysics to Buddhism，"Sports" thinking gradually establishes。But Buddhism's "body use theory" is difficult to with the world because of its non -real nature、Compatible with human beings，This left a space for Confucianism to continue exploring，Early scientists with "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty" concentrated on the theoretical consciousness and effort of thinking transformation。

　　There is a matter of the matter: traditional thinking and its difficulties

Philosophy is nothing more than questioning Bin Yuan. aboutOriginal，The earliest expression of Chinese philosophy as "Tao"。Regardless of pre -Qin or Han Dynasty，Regardless of Confucianism、Taoist or other schools，The basic method of asking "Tao" can be roughly summarized as three steps: compare things、Analysis，Make a judgment of "Ben" and "End"，Select the "Ben" aspect as the original original。Confucius' "Ren"、Mencius's "sex"、Xunzi's "Li"、Lao Zhuang's "None" and Dong Zhongshu's "Heaven and Earth Man" are all produced.，This method of thinking can be called "the end of the end"。

Take Confucian as an example，The Analects of Confucius once contained the words: "Gentleman's business，Standing and Tao Sheng。Filial brother also，It is the foundation of benevolence! "(" Learning ") Ziyou criticized disciple Zixia said:"，Dang Sprinkle、Council、advance and retreat，Then it can be。末 末，This book is not。What is it? bet365 best casino games "(" Zi Zhang ") Youzi emphasizes" gentleman service book "，Ziyou is clearly clear with "Ben" and "Mo"。There are also rich "ends" thinking in Taoist thoughts，Ru Lao asked three consecutive questions about the relationship between life and fame and fortune: "Fame and body?，Duo Zang will die thick。Contentive without humiliation，Knowing the end，It can last for a long time。"(" Lao Tzu "Chapter 44)。other，From the "one yin and one yang" of "Yi Chuan" to Dong Zhongshu's "Tian", "Earth", "People", "two books (or" sex "and" ritual "), they are also" ends at the end ". Thinking about the model of Benyuan。In short，Most of the various factions in the pre -Qin Dynasty have a consciousness of "the end of the end"。

visible through the above analysis，The characteristics or form of the thinking of "end" mainly emphasize the priority of "book" at the experience level，3351_3374。In the experience world，"The theory of this end" does have its important value，It can guide people to understand and practice for a certain extent。But the empirical of "the end of this end"、Extremely also makes it facing the theoretical difficulties that are difficult to overcome。

First，The difficulty of "the end of this end" is reflected in easy -to -lead relativism and utility first。For this，"Mencius · Under the Zizi", the dialogue between the person in the manager of Mencius and the disciple of Mencius can make a description。Ren Ren asked a sharp question to the house: If the righteousness and wisdom of the righteousness are "books"，So the real life survival problem that has to be solved when it encounters food and wisdom of benevolence and wisdom，How do people choose? If people have to choose food，So benevolent courtesy and wisdom can still be called "book"，Is the food just "last"? House Luzi was asked，Mencius did not give a satisfactory answer。Here，"Ben" and "End" judgment can easily change due to different situations，Experienced "Theory of the end" is easy to fall into relativism and utility first。May I ask，An changing，How can the "book" that may disappear can become the original original in the philosophical sense?

Next，closely related to the previous aspect，The difficulty of "the end of this end" is also reflected in the diverse theory that can easily lead to philosophy，This is more obvious in Dong Zhongshu。Dong Zhongshu advocates the sky、Di、Everyone is the "three theories" of all things，or further summarizes the sky (nature of nature)、People (humanistic education) "Two Book Theory"，"Heaven and Earth" gives Bet365 app download all things to shape，"People" gives everything to order，"Three books" or "Two Ben" can coexist without being obedient。But，How can the diverse theory be a complete philosophical question?

Last，From the perspective of the exploration and practice of the "end theory" of the pre -Qin Dynasty，Most scholars emphasize the importance of "book"，Individual scholars even advocate abandonment of "End"，If Lao Tzu, there is a tendency to "Chong Duke"。Since this is the case，"End" in a certain situation is likely to have no existence value，The disappearance of "End" does not seem to bring a substantial impact on "Ben"，The result is likely to lose integrity of things。For example, Lao Tzu often uses trees as a metaphor，Emphasize its original root，The leaf branches are the last。If you press "The End of the Motor"，Remove all the leaf branches，This tree can still maintain its integrity、richness and vitality?

Many theoretical difficulties faced by "The Lunar theory"，It is difficult for it to provide strong theoretical support for the time of the time of the Wei and Jin dynamic in the late Han Dynasty，Scholars of Wei, Jin Sui and Tang dynasties, then start to explore new thinking methods and response ways。

　　Thinking Modeling: From the efforts of mystery to Buddhism

I have to say，"The theory of this end" itself contains the elements of self -change。Mencius said, "The creatures of heaven also，One of the Molders "(" Mencius Teng Wen Gong Shang ")，Lao Tzu said, "One of the past，Tian has to be clear，Di Yiyi，God has to use spirit，Valley is Yiming，Everything can be born，Hou Wang has to think of the world's chastity "(" Lao Tzu "Chapter 39)，etc.。These discussions have the meaning of pursuing "one book"。but but，They are still experienced in general，Still in the "Theory of this end" framework，does not constitute a substantial change in this thinking。

The key step is to take the key step，Wang Yan is going to be a。Wang Yan believes that Lao Tzu's core proposition is "Chong Duke's Best"，But he did not stop at Lao Tzu，Instead, it further proposes "Chong Ben Ru Mo" or "Raiders"，Pay attention to "Ben" and not abandon "End"，Among them, contains the thinking purpose of "the end of this end"，and this is a new understanding of the relationship between "one" and "more"。Wang Yan's note "Lao Tzu" chapter 42 said: "Everything，It is one of its backs ... the life of all things，I know its master，Although there are all thousands of shapes，一 焉 …… …… …… …… …… ……，Usteritious and even three，Both are not one，Tao is almost? "" bet365 Play online games Everything，its return one also "indicates that everything (more) has a unified possibility，"Both one，Usteritious and even three，Both are not one，Tao can be almost "indicates that everything (more) has a unified necessity。This idea pursues one yuan of "book", which is "one book"，Try to take the "End" (more) under the "one book"，Show the effort to transform the tradition of "the end of the end"。Unfortunately，How can "one" take "more"，Wang Yan is not able to give in -depth demonstration，Because this "one" is in the final analysis, it is still empirical existence。

Wang Yan and others later，Buddhism brings a new way to question，Make a substantial transformation and development of the "end" thinking of China。It is worth mentioning that Taoism，Its main contribution is the "Big Pioneer" theory。According to the "Little Trouble" of the support of the support，Practice enlightenment a total of 10 levels，is ten lives，Six lives below belong to gradually enlightenment，Seven lives have enlightenment from upward。Dao Sheng canceled the secondary nature of enlightenment，Think that people do not need to be realized，Apartitional enlightenment，Its basis is "rational inseparable"。This "reason" refers to Buddhism、Buddhism，is the original original of Buddhism。Because "reasonable" is inseparable，Knowing the "reason"、Realization is not divided，Fan Wu is a realization and enlightenment。The concept of "irresponsible" contains a metaphysical paradigm different from traditional empirical thinking，It can be said that it is a transcendental thinking or speculative thinking，And this thinking is the theoretical premise of transforming the "Mid -term" paradigm。

In Seng Zhao，Specific thinking has become mature，"Zhao Lun" can always see the shadow of this thinking。According to Tang Yongtong's statement，"Theory of Zhao Gong，In a word, it is used to say: use the body to use "。Refine the thinking of "use" as the basic principle of Buddhism and consciously discuss，It must belong to "Mahayana's Letter"，Its explanation of Capricorn is based on "physical use" thinking，But there is one more "phase" link，This is the characteristic of the thinking of Buddhism's "physical phase"。Due to the height of "phase" and "use"，Most of the future generations do not highlight "phase"，Even "phase" and "use" are often mixed，and simplified into "body theory"。Later, Zen and the second and north of the north and south all have the consciousness of theoretical and methods of theory and methods。

The "body" of Buddhism bet365 Play online games "body (phase) theory"，Is the existence beyond the experience world，Not realistic，Essentially the "emptiness" of "origin"，This method has been said in the explanation of the "Golden Lion" very clearly。At the same time，"Use" can refer to the potential of "body"、presentation、Function or attribute。"Body (Phase) use theory" in different contexts can be displayed as different forms，may have different characteristics。But no matter what form、Features，"Body (Phase) use theory" all denies that all things in the world are real.，Interpreting the world as the logic of the time space instead of the experience construction of time and space。This is the case，"Ben" is no longer an experienced existence，has become the presence of transcendence; "end" is no longer the existence of "the unfortunateness of food and taste"，but the same source as the body、Starting depending on the body，This solves the difficulties of traditional "end" thinking to a certain extent。

　Source of the body: diversified practice of early science

Discovery and practice by Buddhism，"Sports" thinking is very mature at the time of the Tang and Song dynasties。When Song Confucianism came out to revive Confucianism、Playing a new philosophical paradigm，They can familiarize with the theoretical difficulties of the traditional "ending" thinking and the thinking of the "use" thinking at that time。Especially as a pioneer of science、The founder's "Northern Song Five Son"，All consciously or unconsciously make different ways of thinking about "physical use"、Different degrees of exploration and use。

Shao Yong's "Termology Theory" shows a unique form。He said，"Use also also，Heart also。The body is also，Trace also "，"Behind the world，Use the heaven and earth first "。"Heart" is "Use"，"Trace" is "body"; "Heart" is congenital，"Trails" the day after tomorrow。Shao Yong's so -called "body" continues is the concept of Chinese local philosophy "based on the shape"，That is, the concept of Kong Yingda's so -called "body is known"。"Use" is interpreted as "congenital heart"，That is the reason for all things in the world，and "use", "first", "body"，This makes "use" have a super color，Shao Yong's "Truthful theory" shows the effort of speculative philosophy。and，Different thinking with Buddhist thinking，Shao Yong thinks that the original "mind" is not the void，but practical，This is also the key to the difference between the early science from Buddhism。

Zhou Dunyi has no clear "body" and "use" discussion，Its philosophical system also shows the "use" thinking。"Tongshu" said: "Move but not quiet，Quiet but no move，object also。Dynamic but not moving，Quiet but no quiet，God also。Dynamic but not moving，Quiet but no quiet，。things are not connected，God of God。"" Things "has the attributes of movement and quiet，Not calm when moving，Do not move in quiet time，Two states are irresistible，This is also in line with people's experience。"God" bet365 best casino games is "moving without moving，Quiet but no quiet "，Make up it as "(things) and (God) without moving，(object) Quiet and (God) No quiet "，"God" is not stagnant in the state of static static static，It has its own side of "things"。Of course，"God" surpasses "things" and stays away from "things"，Two is really a physical relationship。

Zhang Zai's philosophy not only shows the efforts of pioneering "use" thinking，and standing from the perspective of "use theory", a strong criticism of Buddhism and Taoism ’s second religion。As he said, "If it is said that it can be angry，then endless，Limited Qi，Special use，Entering Lao's Theory of Non -Nature，Don’t know the so -called so -called harassment。If Vientiane is a thing seen in Taixuzhong，，Self -shape，Sexuality，Positive、Heaven and people do not treat each other，The theory of seeing the disease in the mountains and rivers of the mountains and rivers。"In the criticism of the second religion of Buddhism and Taoism，Zhang Zai's philosophical concept is also clearly highlighted。In his opinion，"Virtual" and "Qi" is neither pure experience generation relationship，It is not a pure significance presentation relationship，Instead of "mixed one" and "share" physical relationship。

Compared to Shao Yong、Zhou Dunyi、Zhang Zai，The use of "physical use" thinking is more mature。In the eyes of the two -way and his disciples，"Sports" thinking is an important joint of Chengmen philosophy，It can even be called "Tianji"。"Cheng's Yi Chuan" after writing，Until the disciple door, ask for consultation，Cheng Yicai took the book to show people。Yin Yan's question seemed to be so cautious for Cheng Yi，That is the book "use one source，Micro -Invincible "and other words contained in the concepts contained in the concepts from Huayanzong。From the two -way "physical theory", we can indeed see the shadow of Hua Yanzong's Director Relationship，But after the logical form of the two -way reference，Give it a new connotation。On the one hand，The "reason" of "body" is transcendence、The only original original，The so -called "only one theory in the world"，"Everything is just a heaven"，"reason" is the ultimate basis of the world，"Qi" is the use and presentation of "reasoning"; on the other hand，The "reason" of the second journey is very different from the "reason" of Huayan，but have reality、Morality，The so -called "the world is not true"，"Only reason is true"，"Benevolence，True of the World "。Two -way built the existence theory of existence of bet365 live casino games "use of physical qi" based on this、The theory of humanity and "use of respect for sex" and "use respect for the body、Knowledge of learning to learn "。

In short，From Shao Yong、Zhou Dunyi、Zhang Zai to the second journey，A real "physical theory" is gradually established。Although the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty" was thought to be different，The degree of maturity of theory is different，But the overall trend is shifted from the experience of "the end of this end" to the "body theory"，The effort of this thinking transformation is that science occurs、The core motivation of development，It has contributed to the first large -scale paradigm conversion of traditional Chinese philosophy。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund to fund key projects "Research on Traditional Confucian spiritual philosophy" (20FZXA005) phased results)

(Author Unit: Institute of International Confucianism in Shandong Academy of Social Sciences)