In the existing ancient classics，The word "Zhuzi" was first seen in "The Rites of Zhou"。The meaning it represents，There are two ends: one refers to the nobles bet365 withdrawal viscounts under the feudal system bet365 withdrawal Zhou Dynasty，See "Di Guan Da Situ" and "Qiu Guan Da Xingren"；The second refers to the official who was "in charge bet365 withdrawal country's son" in the Zhou Dynasty，See "Xia Guan·Xu Guan" and "Zhu Zi", Chapter 2。Western Han Dynasty、Period of mourning，Liu Xiang、Liu Xin was ordered to be the “Secretary bet365 withdrawal School”，And "play his "Seven Strategies""，Created the concept of "philosophers" in the sense of classics，Used to refer to the book category that is different from the "Six Arts" scriptures。Ban Gu's "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" inherits his theory。This usage，Widely accepted in later generations。Compilation of "Sikuquanshu" during the Qianlong period bet365 withdrawal Qing Dynasty，When defining the books of Zibu, it is said: "Those who establish themselves as speakers from outside the Six Classics，Jie Zi Shu Ye”，Still continuing Liu Xin’s ideas。Except for the meaning of book categories，The term "Zhuzi" is sometimes used to refer to scholars、Thinker。At the latest in the late Western Han Dynasty、The great scholar Yang Xiong who was at the same time as Liu Xin，We can already see this happening。Yang Xiong's "Fayan: My Son" states that "it is better to entrust the great sage to all the disciples"，In the "Junzi" chapter, the question "or" is also asked: "Zi Xiao Zhuzi，Mencius is not a scholar” etc.，This is the evidence。

After modern times，The use bet365 withdrawal term "Zhuzi" is gradually becoming more general，Except for existing book categories、Scholar has two meanings，Academic schools of thought are born again。In most bet365 withdrawal modern and contemporary research monographs on Confucianism，People’s definition of “philosophers”，Generally, it includes the above three at the same time，Think it refers to "Zhou, Qin, Han, and Wei，Especially during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties、Different academic schools during the Qin and Han Dynasties、Thinker、Social activist、Educator、Scholars and their works” (Guo Qiyong、Wu Genyou's "General Theory of Zhuzi Xue")。On the surface，This does not seem to be much different from the so-called "philosophers" in the traditional era；or，Successively with before and after，And maintains strong stability in connotation。However，This is not the case。What can be asserted is，Although ancient and modern scholars share the term "Zhuzi"，But no matter the specific person they are referring to、Works，Or the ideological concepts behind it，All have undergone significant changes，It can even be said that they are two opposites。

In terms bet365 withdrawal specific person referred to，"Philosophers" in the modern academic context，Including those starting from Confucius or Laozi、Many thinkers named "Zi" during the Zhou, Qin, Han and Wei dynasties。Hu Shih’s article "On the Disciples Not Coming from the Imperial Office" (1917) has the following sentence: "I think that all the disciples came from old age、Confucius’ words about Han Fei”，"Outline bet365 withdrawal History of Chinese Philosophy" (1919), also known as "From Laozi to Han Fei"，For ancient philosophy。This era，Also known as ‘philosophy bet365 withdrawal philosophers’”。In Hu Shi’s concept，Laozi、Confucius、Han Fei，And other pre-Qin thinkers，They all belong to the ranks of "philosophers"。The two discussions quoted above，Probably the founder bet365 withdrawal modern new view of "philosophers"。Since then，Regardless of Qian Mu's "The Years bet365 withdrawal Pre-Qin Masters" (1935)、Chen Zhu’s "Twenty-Six Treatises on Confucius" (1935) and other research monographs on Confucianism，It’s still Feng Youlan’s “History of Chinese Philosophy (Part 1)” (1931)，Except for changing the list of Confucius before Laozi，They all inherited Hu Shi’s view of “philosophers”。The biggest difference from the traditional view of "philosophers"，Confucius is listed as one bet365 withdrawal "philosophers"。Starting from Liu Xin's "Seven Strategies"，Until the Qing Dynasty Confucian Zhang Xuecheng、Yu Yue，Except for a few scholars (Wang Chong's "Lunheng·Ningxing Chapter" has "Confucius，The ancestor of morality，The saying that “the most outstanding among all the scholars”) is not included，Confucius is not included in the scope of "philosophers"！Zhang Xuecheng's "General Meanings of Literature and History·Yuan Daozhong" states: "The Master described it but did not write it，And Biao Zhang Six Arts，To preserve the old scriptures of Duke Zhou，I don’t dare to sacrifice my tools to speak the truth。The scholars have already spoken out。”where，The distinction between "Master" and "Confucius" is very obvious。Although Yu Yue's "The Principles bet365 withdrawal Scholars" gave a high evaluation to "the scholars"，But still adhere to the traditional opinion of "Confucius" and "Philosophers"。Even if he is a disciple of Yu Yue、Zhang Taiyan, who had great influence in the early Republic of China，It is also clearly stated in his "A Brief Introduction to the Studies of Zhuzi" (1906)，"Confucius revised the Six Classics...his learning was only objective learning...this is not the case with other disciples"。

In terms bet365 withdrawal specific works referred to，The "philosophers" in the traditional era are relative to the group of classics、As far as history is concerned，The Analects of Confucius is included in the "Six Art Briefs" or "Jingbu"；"Zhuzi" in the modern context refers to the works of various "Zi" families，The Analects of Confucius is the first bet365 withdrawal books of "Philosophers"。For example，Jiang Boqian's "Tongkao of Zhuzi" (1948) clearly states: "The Book of Zhuzi，Those who have many disciples and later study and compile their master’s teachings to form a family of words。This trend started from Confucius's compilation of "The Analects"。The Book of All Confucius，With "The Analects of Confucius" as the first volume。"For "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"""The Analects of Confucius" is recorded in "Six Art Briefs"，The practice of recording "Mencius" in "Zhuzilue"，Jiang commented that it was "an unreasonable distinction"，Conflict your own example”。Of course he knows，List "The Analects" in "Six Arts"，It is an ancient tradition since "Hanshu Yiwenzhi"，And "the catalogs of later generations also fall into the category of 'Sutras'，No one is among the disciples”；But，He still insists on writing "The Analects of Confucius"，As the first article of "Tongkao of Zhuzi"，And regard it as a "book to test the disciples" towards his father，A necessary supplement that is not as good as "The Analects"。Obviously，At the latest, the era when Jiang Boqian wrote "Tongkao of Zhuzi"，The concept of "philosophers" in the traditional sense，There has been a huge change in the referent，And basically finalized。

Yang Xiong once said in "The Gentleman bet365 withdrawal Law": "The Masters，Those who differ from Confucius in their knowledge。”Now，But we regard Confucius as the "philosophers"，I don’t think there’s anything wrong with it。The reason，The main reason is that the academic concepts we uphold are very different from those bet365 withdrawal ancients。In traditional context，The term "Zhuzi" is used to construct the "Taoist" system、Specially invented to identify the orthodoxy of "Taoism"。So-called "Taoism"，The great method of governing the world。According to Liu Xin's "Book of Transfer to Dr. Taichang": Confucius deleted the Six Classics，"The Way bet365 withdrawal Emperor"，It’s Tang、The successor bet365 withdrawal "Taoist skills" bet365 withdrawal "Holy Emperor Mingwang" since Yu。"Philosophers" "started from the beginning bet365 withdrawal king's reign，When the princes are in power"，"Take one end at each end，Respect what he does well”，It is "a branch and descendant bet365 withdrawal Six Classics" ("Hanshu Yiwenzhi")。The naming of “philosophers”，Precisely to show that they do not represent the orthodoxy bet365 withdrawal "imperial way"，Even deviation and betrayal from the way bet365 withdrawal saint。

As for "philosophers" in the modern context，The concept behind it，It’s very different from this。As Chen Zhu said in "The Twenty-sixth Theory of Zi·Yuan Confucianism": "Although "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" regards Confucius's six arts as the 'Six Arts Brief'，Not listed in Confucianism，It was true that he respected Confucius at that time；Let’s talk about academics，Confucius should also be among the disciples。”It is revealed here，List Confucius as “Philosophers”，It is determined from an “academic” perspective。The so-called "academic"，Mainly refers to ideas and doctrines。1902-1904，Liang Qichao published "On the General Trend of Changes in Chinese Academic Thought"，Already have "hole、Old、The formulation of "Mo divides the world"；Later, "Old"、hole、An overview bet365 withdrawal schools after Mohism" (1920)，He bluntly stated that "ancient scholarship，Old、hole、The Three Saints of Mo gathered their great achievements”。Hu Shi at the same time and later、Feng Youlan and others，List Confucius among the “philosophers”，Also in terms of "academic" (philosophy)。They have a common background bet365 withdrawal times，In the face of heterogeneous and powerful Western learning，Must use new eyes，An overall review and reflection on my country’s traditional academics，Reconstructing a system、A rich traditional Chinese academic community，Compare with Western learning，Or respond to the challenge of Western learning，Thus innovating traditional Chinese academics。This point can be said to be consistent in the "Chapter 1 General Introduction" section of Liang Qichao's "On the General Trend of Changes in Chinese Academic Thought"。Even the sages today who are committed to creating "New Zixue"，Still under the same or similar ideological atmosphere。

What needs to be explained is，This article analyzes the ancient and modern changes in the concept of "Zhuzi"，And point out the difference or opposition between the two，Not to object to its continued use in modern contexts，But scholars who want to study Zhuzi studies or are committed to constructing new Zhuzi studies，Keep a clear understanding bet365 withdrawal differences between ancient and modern times on this concept，Make it clear that "Zhuzi" is an academic concept constructed by Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty，Not in the general sense、A general name for the "zi" in the pre-Qin period，To avoid unnecessary misunderstandings in the discussion。As for why Han Confucians chose such a term that could easily be “misunderstood”，Is there any hidden meaning in it，This will be discussed in detail in another article。

　(The author is a researcher at the Research Center for Philosophical Mutual Learning and bet365 withdrawal Discourse Construction at Henan University)