As an organization and operation method of political power，Western modern politics is established and consolidated through the bourgeois revolution。At the same time，Renaissance、Ideological and cultural movements such as religious reform and enlightenment have established the ideological paradigm of modern Western politics。Humanism of Renaissance makes people replace God's starting point of ideological theory; the principle of religious reforms turned people into the main body of faith，Established the subjectism in the religious field; enlightenment promotes the spirit of rationality，Realizing the unity of rationalism and subjectism。The founder of modern Western philosophy, Descartes, uses "I think I am" to declare the subjectism and rational philosophy of rationalism，Kant philosophy comprehensively clarifies the rational cognition and construction function，Human rationality replaces the God of Religious theology omnipotent。

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Humanism、The first core concept of subjectism and rationalist ideology is freedom。People are not passively accepted the world created by God，It is not a object created and placed by God，Instead, it becomes a cognitive subject and the main body of constructing with its own rational ability。The unity of rationality and subjectivity is human freedom，Freedom is the construction of the world based on their own aspirations based on their own rationality。Freedom is considered a ability and qualification to act according to your own will。Humanism、Another Bet365 app download core concept of rationalism and subjectism paradigms is equality，Equality means that everyone has the same subject qualifications based on rationality。With the change of the ideological paradigm and the establishment of its concept of freedom and equality，Theological and political theory of the Middle Ages was replaced by political contract theory。Politics is no longer regarded as a level order from the will of God，Instead, the results of rational people negotiate according to their interests，The purpose of politics is to deal with the relationship between people with freedom and equality，Make sure people can coexist with each person's freedom。

The rule of law of modern Western politics、constitutional government、Election agency and decentralized checks and balances are through humanism、Subjectist and rationalist ideological paradigms and their concepts of freedom and equal equality have been deferred by legitimacy。Modern thinkers think，The rule of law must be implemented between individuals of freedom and equality，Political power is legislative power and law enforcement rights。The law is regarded as a condition that individuals who are free and equal to coexist and freely achieve，The rule of law is to realize human freedom through restricting the freedom of people。Modern Western politics reflects the purpose of personal freedom and the instrumental instrument。Organization and operation of political power should be performed according to the Constitution，Constitution has a restriction and restriction effect on political power，Prevent national power from invading personal freedom。Everyone directly exercise political power in modern society，Political representatives to organize the government bet365 live casino games to exercise power based on their own interests，This is the election agency system in modern Western politics。Elementary procedure system is considered to be the political subjectivity of individuals with freedom and equality and the implementation of people's sovereignty。Political thinkers represented by Montesquien thinks，In order to prevent concentration of power and abuse of power, infringement of personal freedom，Political power should be divided into legislative power、Administrative power and judicial power，Three kinds of powers each independent and restrict each other，This is the decentralized checks and balance system of modern Western politics。

　　Marx's practical paradigm and labor narrative

Marx replaced the traditional conscious paradigm of Western ideology with a practical paradigm，Therefore, the use of labor narrative has replaced the spiritual narrative of traditional thoughts for people and their history，Except for the long -term cover of the traditional Western thought on the nature of human history。From Marx's view，The premise and foundation of human history is the production of material life，Human history is the history of material production development and the accumulation of remaining labor。The development of productive forces and the accumulation of remaining labor has led to the production of private ownership，Society formed a confrontation between the exploitation class and the exploitation class and the class。The exploitation class occupies the production materials to occupy the remaining labor，and use the accumulated remaining labor organization's own political rule，Political countries under private system are tools for maintaining exploitation and dominant order。Under capitalist Bet365 lotto review production methods，The bourgeoisie occupies the production materials and the remaining labor of the employment workers，Western modern politics country is a tool for the bourgeoisie to rule。Humanism、Subjectist and rationalist ideological paradigms and their concepts of freedom and peace，covering the essence of modern politics in the West，Ideology of becoming a service bourgeois rule。

Marx replaced the real Western thoughts with real people and even the abstract person of the entire Western thought tradition。Under historical materialism，The abstract person of humanism does not exist，Only people in the production stage and production methods of the material; the subject of the subjectism is a fiction，The main body under the private production method is the exploitation class that possesses production materials and remaining labor，Pure workers without production materials are just governed objects。Only in a socialist society，Labor people put production materials under their own domination through the country and collective，Only the people will become the main body。

The rationality and cognitive activities of rationalism are also a fiction。Reason can only be the rationality of the subject under a certain production method。The rationality of the exploiter and rulers under the private system，Cognition of the possibility and conditions of possession of production materials and remaining labor。Reasonable feudal nobles recognize，possess land and place serfs in personal affiliates，It is possible to occupy the remaining labor of serf。The rationality of the bourgeoisie has the rational cognition and constructive function explained by Kant，Turning nature and society into a condition for accumulating the remaining labor，and put the organization and operation of political power under your own domination Bet365 lotto review and control。When the proletariat entered the political stage as a political force and became the main body of politics，So as to become a conscious historical subject，The pure worker class has its own rationality。The rationality of the exploitation class is a understanding of the possibility and conditions of possession of production materials and the possibility of remaining labor，The rationality of the proletariat is the inevitability and conditions that understand all exploitation and oppression to be eliminated，How to turn the conditions of exploitation and compression of the proletariat into conditions for the proletariat and human liberation。

Since only the subject and rationality under the production method，Since only the subject and rationality under the production method，Liberty belongs to those who possess production materials and thus have the remaining labor。In a capitalist society，The freedom to occupy the production materials and the remaining labor belongs to the bourgeoisie。Only in a socialist society can there be freedom of the majority of labor people，Labor people use all the accumulated conditions to develop freely。

　　The essence of capitalism and modern Western politics

The particularity of the capitalist production method lies in，Capitalists and employees are formal exchanging relationships in form，This relationship covers the capitalist's exploitation and slavery of workers。Western modern ideological paradigms and concepts of freedom equality are based on this form of exchange relationship，Therefore, the ideology of the bourgeoisie's exploitation and rule of rule。The form of commodity exchange freely cover up substantial compulsory and slavery，Equality of the form covers substantial inequality。

The capitalist economy has gradually developed into a self -sufficient power system。Workers' dependence on currency replaces the personal attachment of serfs to feudal nobles，The rule Bet365 app download of the capitalist currency replaces the personal compulsory person of the feudal nobles on serfs。In a capitalist society，The accumulation of remaining labor does not require the direct participation of political violence，Capitalist's rule of workers is manifested as the rule of money and currency。

The self -sufficientness of capitalist economic power makes the bourgeoisie does not need to directly grasp political power，Elementary syndrome system is an inevitable and most suitable form of political rule，Organization and operation that is conducive to bourgeois domination and control political power。When the self -sufficient development of capitalist economic power，Therefore, when capital can dominate the entire society，The limited election system has become a general election system。The self -sufficientness of capital power makes politics a pure form，and the content of politics is stipulated by the interests of the bourgeoisie，Elementary syndrome becomes a pure political game。The degradation checks and balance system of modern politics in the West is a way to control political power in the bourgeoisie。The bourgeoisie that does not directly grasp political power but also controls political power，Division and opposition through political power，Strengthen the formalization of political power and the support of the economy for the economy，Self -sufficientness of maintaining capital power and the rule of the bourgeoisie on the working class。

　(This article is the Studies of Marx's Political Modernity and Research on Political Modernity with Chinese Characteristics (16BKS026) in the National Social Science Fund project (16BKS026)

(Author Unit: Academy of Gram -and -Law, Yanshan University)