Development to human society，It is a kind of from potential to realization、historical process from a particular moment to a better future。Since the emergence of modern countries，Development becomes a concept of progressiveness，developed with civilization、The concepts of happy life or modernization are linked; its goal is defined as the realization of the economy、Politics、Growth of Social and Culture，Especially the progress and progress of the country's pursuit of economic and social fields。In the second half of the 20th century，The West proposed a set of development economics theories for underdeveloped areas，Will develop a narrow sense、One -way interpretation as a savings、Objectives achieved by investment and productivity progress，Emphasizing economic growth and development of higher living standards。Therefore，Development or not、The degree of development is used to judge the development of the country or underdeveloped，How to learn from the post -developed country、Questions of the development mode of transplantation first national development model。

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Latin America has a rich and lasting populist history。For more than 100 years since the 20th century，Latin America is not prevailing "street population"，but a kind of "ruling populism"，It is both a macroeconomic policy with economic growth and revenue re -distribution，It is also a charm leader、Eitheristic politics characterized by constitutional referendum and multi -class alliance。To get rid of the attachment position、Fight for the independent development of the country，Latin American bet365 Play online games populist government has not interrupted the effort to explore the road of alternative development，Has experienced classic populism and import alternative industrialization in the middle of the 20th century、New populism in the 1990s，and the 21st century radical left -wing populism。

But，The blame and criticism of the non -orthodox development model of populism is also extremely severe。Latinian scholar Sebastian Edersz believes that economic populism hinders Latin American to modern times、tolerance and continuous market economy，is the root cause of Latin America's falling behind。Yang-Verner Muller thinks，The populist party will implement the "shelter" politics after taking the stage on the stage，But in the end, it will be difficult to continue because of the long -term benefits of damage。Since the 20th century, the phenomenon of Latin American populist cycle has been replaced but the good times has been criticized，Critical person thinks，The short -term solution of welfareism that the populous government meets the needs of the people has damaged the long -term interests of the country，Because of the "Continuous Plan for Social Change and Economic Reform of populist leaders"。

Edwardz distinguished the three types of Latin American countries after the 2008 financial crisis: the first category is a country that adheres to the populist policy，As Venezuela、Ecuador、Bolivia、Nicaragua and Mexico and other countries，These countries will produce more strong resistance to capitalism and find other desires for other alternative systems。The second category has not fallen into populist traps，No open market competition and necessary institutional changes，Such as Brazil、Argentina and most Chinese American countries，They lack the courage and political ability to promote the policies to increase productivity and promote growth，Economic Bet365 app download performance performance is flat。The third category is Chile、Uruguay representative，embarked on the road to innovate the development of economic development，Growth is slow but more stable。Edwardz ignored，These three types of countries are facing the dilemma of "compressed development"，Facing politics at the same time、Demand for all -round development of economic and social development，It is completely different from the environment where the west is in the forefront。In fact，Edwardz’s judgment has not undergone the test of changes in the situation，The rise of the right -wing populism in Brazil after 2016、The victory of the Mexican left -wing league in 2018、The appearance of the "Thirty Peso Movement" in Chile in 2019 is all resistance and resistance to neo -liberalism，It also shows that the development logic with economic growth as the core is in Latin America.。

　Key conflict on development issues

The defects of Latin American populism on development issues are mainly manifested in the two key conflicts centered on economic growth。

On the one hand，Conflict between economic growth and expansion finance。Latin American populism has a policy inertia pointed to the cyclical finance，Good year, smooth and smooth water，You can overdraw finance，Expansion benefits，If the export price of commodities in the early 21st century rose，Latin America has ushered in "Golden Ten Years"，Left -wing government has introduced various poverty reduction and social subsidy policies，Including Brazil's "Zero Hunger Plan" and "Family Subsidy Plan", etc., but when the bad years arrive, the painful fiscal tightening，The result will inevitably lead to the emergence of the people's dissatisfaction and street politicians。It can be said，The periodic financial and welfare changes weakened the effect of populism alternative efforts，It also created Bet365 app download the opportunity to counterattack the right -wing conservative forces。

On the other hand，Conflict of economic growth and allocation of justice。The ruling legitimacy of the populist regime depends on sustainable economic growth and fair and equal income for re -distribution，But how to achieve fair allocation as soon as possible on the basis of economic growth，or how to maintain economic growth while achieving fair allocation，Always testing populist leaders。Since the 21st century，Thanks to the sharp rise in international commodity prices，Latin American export revenue continues to increase，Realized a certain degree of economic growth。According to the report from the World Bank，2003，About 150 million La Americans entered the middle class，Poverty rate decreases significantly。But，The economic growth of various countries in Latin America relies on export income，Sustainability is very weak。At the same time，Inequices in Latin America are still very serious。According to the 2013 poll report，Only 25%of the Latin American people believe that distribution is fair。The serious lag of unsustainable and fair distribution of economic growth，It is a development problem facing the leaders of Latin American populism。

Each country is facing many directional choices in development issues，For Latin American countries，These directional choices include: whether the national positioning is south or north，That is to maintain the uniqueness of the southern countries or strive to am as among the ranks of northern countries; whether the ideological orientation is left or right，That is the road of populist development for alternatives，Still follow the path of new liberal development follow; whether the policy orientation is extroverted or introverted，Instead of insisting on export -oriented industrialization or free trade，Still walk Bet365 lotto review into the road to replace industrialization of economic nationalism。The long -term mission of populism in Latin America is to find a road to a southern country's own alternative development，Its rise and fall and change、Swing left and right shows that the choice of this direction of development is often unstable，and never get rid of Western influence。The real dilemma of the development of Latin America，It is in which direction in which direction，All stay in the development logic and concepts of the construction of the West，All based on Western industrialization and urbanization experience，Social relations in the capitalist world system、Social -the development mode of the structure of natural relations。

　　The concept of the development of the development of "good life"

In order to get out of the middle income trap、Get rid of the curse of wealth of resources，Latin American left -wing school circles in critical analysis of Latin American countries have been in development path for a long time、Multiple dependence such as mode and concept，Put forward a new concept of "transcending development"。early 2010，Rosa Luxembourg Foundation formed a "Development of Long -term Working Group"，First focus on Ecuador、Bolivia and Venezuela Three Kingdoms，Explore the transcendence of the hegemonic development model。"Beyond Development" concept is based on "development replacement" or "post -development" as its core concept，Emphasize national autonomy and economic nationalism，Proposal to overcome or replace the substantial overcome of the capitalist system and system。but，"Beyond Development" is closer to the theory of economic and social development of postmodernism in nature，The theory of "Delays" that was first proposed by European scholars。Post -Development Research field Edward Donas thinks，"Alternative Development" of populist is just correction、Bet365 app download Repair or improve the different policy selection of the current development，Believe that the possibility of infinite growth and the irreplaceable capitalism; and "development replacement" is to explore a society that is obviously different from the current development、Economic and political order，It is advocated that economic growth should be based on a completely different political ideology。"Beyond Development" theory does not advocate stop economic activities or economic growth in any sense，But the opposition will be equivalent to growth，The diversity of advocating development paths，I believe that the development of existing material purpose，That is to improve wealth allocation、Eliminate poverty and ensure that people's basic needs are met; there should be psychiatric purposes，That is the "good life" of fairness and justice。

"Beyond Development"/"Development Alternative" concept advocates that development should surpass the limitations of economic growth，Pay attention to the needs of the people's good life for fairness and justice，This is the same as the people's consistent people's supremacy principles。Since the 21st century，Some new development concepts and models proposed by left -wing populists in Latin American also include some kind of "development alternative" shadow。2010，Ecuador's left -wing populous government issued the "Multi -National Life Plan 2010-2015"，Put forward a "beautiful life" concept as a national and economic model，Requirement to ensure diversity、Equality of life and re -assignment。Current，Bolivia and Ecuador have written "good life" as the development goals of the country and the government into the constitution。Former Peru's President Tryo respects the "Shared Society"，I believe that Latin America should benefit from economic growth，Becoming Bet365 lotto review stability、Safety and cohesive society，Let the people living in it happily。"Beautiful Life" and "Shared Society" concepts of development are transcendence lies in，They redefine the instrumentality of economic growth and the purpose of allocating justice，On the basis of pursuing economic growth, pay close attention to inequality issues，It is believed that the lack of fair and just economic growth will not be enough to promote social progress。

(Author Unit: School of International Relations of Renmin University of China)