In recent years，In a series of economy、Policy for political and social crisis，The populist party rises rapidly in Western European countries，Become a remarkable political event。A factor that cannot be ignored is，The decline of mainstream political parties constitutes the basic prerequisite for the rise of Western European populist parties。Since the 1970s，Western European countries have entered the post -industrial society one after another，Social class structure and values ​​have appeared major transformation，In this case，Political parties, which are vital to democratic democracy, have experienced long -term decline in Western European countries。Overall，Western European national political parties in political parties、Concept contemporary and election volatility have experienced significant changes，The basic political situation that constitutes the decline of Western European political parties and promotes the rise of populism。

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Traditionally，Political parties as important intermediary organizations connecting the people and the government are condensing the interests of voters、Provide a key role in providing policy options and fulfilling governing functions。But，Since the middle and late 20th century，Due to the transformation of social structure and the popularity of new media，political party organizations in Western countries have begun to continue to decline。

First，The decline of political parties starts with the decline of the party's organization itself。The late 20th century，The number of party members of the mainstream parties in Western Europe continues to decline。1980-2008，The number of party members of the main political parties in Western European bet365 Play online games countries is reduced by nearly half。In the UK，Traditionally, the number of Conservatives and Labor Party members with millions of party members has continued to decline in recent decades。A survey in 2014 show，Among the main political parties in British politics，Number of members of the Labor Party No. 1，190,000 people; then the Conservative Party，135,000 people。Among the British，Only 1%of people are members of the party，This data is even lower than the European continent。

2，With the loss of political parties，Weaken party recognition。In the main Western European country，The political party identity and participation of political parties continue to weaken the enthusiasm，The number of activists of political parties is getting worse。People who actively participate in political activities of political parties are often older、Life is richer，Young people generally lack interest in participating in political parties。Even registered party members，The sense of recognition of political parties has also greatly reduced。Studies show，In Danish，6/7 party members are usually unconventional，Most of them are just registered as party members。In the words of Patnam，Most of the voters would rather "play the ball alone"，I am also unwilling to participate in public life including political party activities。

third，The Carter Hua of the mainstream parties leads to weakening tissue function。Richard Kart and Pitt Mel thinks，Political parties in modern Western countries are becoming more and more like Carter Group in the economic market。This consequences are，The relationship between the party and the country is more closely，Use national resources to limit political competition，This weakens the connection with voters。In Western European countries，The trend of political parties Carter has obvious trends，Political party organizations are becoming more and more professional，More and more dependence on national resources。This inevitably weakens Bet365 lotto review the grassroots of the mainstream political parties and the connection with social forces，Therefore, the basic functions of political mobilization and representatives of political parties themselves，As a result of a representative crisis。

　The ideological convergence of mainstream political parties

At the end of the 20th century，European and American countries have begun to prevail with consensus politics marked by "middle road" and "third road"。Political changes that have moved closer to the middle route in Western European countries。This kind of consensus political model that claims beyond the left and right is actually blurred with ideological boundaries，As a result, the ideology of the mainstream political parties is concentrated。

One aspect，Some new、Major political issues have long been ignored by mainstream political parties for a long time。In Western European countries，mainstream parties from left and right wings generally embrace European integration、Globalization and immigration。Enter the 21st century，Globalization and free trade bring universal economic prosperity，It also makes the blue -collar non -technical workers in Western European countries facing competition and squeezing from developing countries，Therefore, the decline and bankruptcy of the manufacturing industry。But，Mainstream parties and politicians from left and right wings are holding a position embracing global and free trade，This provides space for the rise of anti -elite and anti -globalization populism。At the same time，With the intensification of the European debt crisis and the refugee crisis，European integration and refugee issues that have been ignored by mainstream political parties for a long time are increasingly prominent，New focus of becoming political offensive and defensive。In this case，The populist parties with the main axis of the subject are catered to the people，Get the right of the topic，So as to get a place in the election market。

On the other hand，The political convergence bet365 best casino games reached by the mainstream political parties has strengthened the populist's derogation for political elites。Through criticizing the similarities and interests of the mainstream political elites，Civilian will shape themselves into the only representative public opinion that is independent of political mainstream、The power to save democracy。In France，Jean-Mary Le Pen packaged the National Front as the only political party that defended democracy and the voice of the people。And it is the mainstream political forces become more and more similar，Provides fertile soil for the rise of populism。

Therefore，countries with consensus political traditions and implementing large co -governments，Coboism often gets more political space。When most mainstream political parties are combined to form a cross -conscious coalition government，They must compromise their political stance and ideology and move closer to the middle。Frank Dek thinks，The structure of unifiedism plays a promotion of populist parties rather than hindered。By establishing an unified government structure that contains various mainstream political forces of the government，Democratic countries exclude new political participants，But also so that those who think they are not represented can only be entrusted to the populous party that changes in the anti -building parties。Allen Liphar's Concorde Democracy can reach a consensus when governing and policy formulation，However, because of lack of necessary policy options and power, it is easy to breed political dissatisfaction and protest voting，to provide space for anti -system populist parties。Research also shows，Countries that implement a consensus system in Western European countries，The support and voting rate of the populist party is higher than that of the country with the majority of the majority system。

　　Increase in the volatility of political parties

After World War II，The political system of Western European countries has long been in a high stable state，This is mainly because bet365 live casino games the political party system dominated by Western European politics is in a "freeze" state。Social Democratic Party that believes in liberalism or social democracy、Conservative parties that Socialist Party and Conservatives or Christian Democraticism constitute the left and right wings of European politics，Leading after the war Western European politics。In most Western European countries，Two major political parties (alliances) have taken most votes in the elections，This is especially true of the country that implements the two -party system。For example，British before the 1990s，The sum of the votes obtained by the two major parties of the Conservative Party and Labor Party has been between 75%-90%for a long time，This means that it is difficult for political parties to be free from the two major party systems to obtain a large political influence。The "frozen" state of the political party system is the basis for maintaining political stability for decades after World War II in the Western European countries。

With the loosening of bet365 live casino games the political party system，Election volatility in Western European countries has increased significantly，Traditionally in the frozen state system, the political party system begins to thaw。According to statistics，2015，The average voting rate of traditional mainstream political parties in Europe is only 72%，14 percentage points fell directly 10 years ago。At the same time，Voting voted to the new populist challenger almost turned over 10 years ago，reach 23%。In the UK，With the conservative party and the Labor Party, the vote rate continues to decline，Voters who are away from the two parties continue to increase，Free Democratic Party and British Independence Party quickly gain profit，The support of the voters of the two major party systems was obtained。European countries such as France，The mainstream parties also face long -term decline，Voting rate continues to decline，Following it bet365 best casino games is the rapid rise of the national front support rate of populist party。2017 Presidential Election，Traditionally the two major parties (Socialist and Republican Party), which dominate France politics in the first round of voting，The national front of the extremely right -wing will enter the second round of voting with the second place to get the vote，Shocking French politics。

During the decline of Western European political parties，The decline of the left party in the middle is particularly obvious。In the past two or 30 years，The left party in the middle weakened has weakened the color as the representative of the middle and lower strata，but fail to talk to the tradition and lower class that is not damaged in the globalization.。As Fushan said，The left party has weakened attention to economical equality，Instead of paying attention to how to promote various marginal groups (such as ethnic minorities、Immigration、refugees、Women and LGBT groups) benefits。This approach of turning to identity brings a crisis to the left -wing parties in Western Europe。In Western European countries，Almost all left -wing parties in the middle have encountered decline and voting loss。Once in Austria、Danish、Finland、Norwegian and Spain's quite powerful Chinese left -wing parties in recent elections have hit the lowest in history。

The decline of the mainstream parties in Western Europe，Especially the decline of the left -wing parties with the left -wing party provides a huge political space to the emerging populist party。With a large number of voters from the mainstream parties，Emerging small parties, including populist parties, get new political opportunities。A large number of voters in Western European countries have changed their support，Voting to the populist party。Quite hanging is，Traditionally, a large part of the supporters of the left -wing parties in the middle of the middle have flowed into the emerging right -wing populist party，Voters who originally supported the left -wing party -blue -collar workers、Non -technical workers、Bet365 app download Small factory owner -in recent years, it has embraced the right -wing populist party。

The rise of the populist party to a certain extent reshaped the political layout of Western European countries。For Western European countries，Is the reshapeing role of the populist party whether it is corrected or threatened，It is a political phenomenon worthy of continuing to observe。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Political Science, East China University of Political Science and Law)