Since the 20th century，In the research of the humanities of traditional Chinese political thought，There are two types of western thoughts that affect the deepest of the Chinese people: one is cultural evolution theory，The second saying system decision theory。The so -called cultural evolution theory，Also known as historical evolution theory，It is believed that human history from ancient times to the present is from low to advanced development in accordance with the laws of linear evolution; from noble politics、The common mode of the political development of the monarch to democracy is the development of all national politics。Ancient Chinese political thoughts, especially the Confucian political thought, did not develop democracy，Therefore, it belongs to the pre -modern stage。The so -called institutional decision theory，The focus of all politics is to establish a standard system，instead of sending hope to people。Confucian Heavy Ren Lun、Dezhi and Ren Xian，Place the importance of people above the system，The relationship between the two is reversed，Seriously ignored the importance of the system。

Under the control of the above two views，Research on the history of ancient Chinese political thought often revolves around three arguments，One said that there is no civil rights，Second, someone govern the rule of law，Three said that there is no dictatorship without democracy。Of course, there are levels without level、There is no person in the country、Several views such as restrictions without freedom。The advocates of the latter three views are relatively few，and the first three views are agreed by most scholars，Bet365 app download It is considered to be the biggest crux of China's political thought for more than 2,000 years，The typical representative of its thought is Confucian。Below Liang Qichao、Xiao Gongquan、The study of the history of political thoughts of Mu Zongsan as an example，to analyze the above views and its possible problems。

Liang Qichao's "History of Political Thoughts" based on lectures in 1922，One of the earliest history of Chinese political thought that was completed with modern thinking。Many of them have not yet been out of date，For example, the analysis of Confucian worldism (he referred to as "real worldism" and "super nationalism")，Discussion related to the prevailing in recent years.。Its civilian discussion，Pioneer of the Studies of the People ’s this。Liang on the one hand opposes the saying of no freedom and peace in ancient China，At the same time, point out，U.S. President Lincoln summarized politics as "politics for civil affairs", "politics to the people", "politics and the people" (of the people, by the people, And for the People)，Among them, "politics is civil affairs", "politics thinks the people" Chinese "see it very well，Faithfulness "，Only "Political and People"，That is, "All politics should be implemented by the people"，In our country, "No recognition of this theory"。Therefore, China only has "non -governmental power"，This is "the biggest disadvantage of my country's political theory"。This is said to be open after the opening、Speaking of the people's rights first。

However, it seems today，Liang said that there is one -sided。It is said that the ancient people have no people to participate in politics，It is said that ancient China has no civil rights thoughts，and opposite the civilian and civil rights，Not necessarily the facts。"Shangshu · Tao Mo" has "Tianming Fei，Self -People's Mingwei bet365 live casino games "，"Shangshu · Tai Oath" Yifu "Tianshi Self -People's Television，Heaven Listening Self -listening "，It seems to imply the sovereignty of the people; combined with the "Thai Oath" Yiwen "What the people want，Tian must follow it "，Is it prompting the people to overthrow the tyranny? Besides，Mencius The Cun Men kills，It is the "residual thief" and "one husband"，instead of "Jun Jun"; Xunzi uses water、Zhou metaphorical people and monarchs，Called "Water is carried by boat，Water is covered with boat "，Later generations have always been popular; Dong Zhongshu said, "，This heaven also "also"，Therefore, "Xia Wuzao and Fluster，Yin Wudao and Create，Zhou Wudao and Qin Fazhi，Qin Wudao and Han Ga Zhi "。Since the people have the power to overthrow tyranny，I may not say that it is not one of the civil rights。Confucian solidity does not design a system for transferring the people to directly participate in politics，But completely deny Confucianism with civil rights，Understanding Confucianism，Not fair。

Mr. Xiao Gongquan's early edition of 1945、The book "History of Chinese Political Thought" that has been reprinted after many occasions，Amazing at home and abroad。This book pays more attention to "analysis of history"，Also preset a historical view of evolution theory。If he divides the history of Chinese political thought into "creative period" (Confucius to Qin unification)、"During the attack period" (Qin Han to Song Yuan)、"During the transition period" (in the early Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty)、"Mature" (after the establishment of the Three People's Principles)，Show a kind of ideological evolution ladder，and the "Three People's Principles" as the highest stage of Chinese political thought, that is, the highest stage。At the same time，He used the "autocracy period"Bet365 app download , "feudal period" and "modern period" to correspond to the previous periods，To summarize its political thought。If the "feudal period" is a factual judgment，"Authoritarian period" has become a value judgment。Due to the fact that you are engaged in judgment，Qin and Han dynasties to the end of the Qing Dynasty for the county and county，Only relative to the previous feudal period，Explain that he regards the monarchy under the county system as authoritarian politics。But，and the monarch system、feudal system、The county system refers to a specific system.，"Authoritative" does not specifically refers to a certain government or system，Instead of judging all the value of all systems。Therefore, Qian Mu is based on the prime minister system in traditional Chinese politics、Acting System、imperial examination system、Historical facts such as the distinction system of the royal family and the outer dynasty，Opposition to the traditional Chinese politics and thoughts with "dark autocracy"。

One of the most famous views of Mu Zongsan is "China had only 'Democratic Democracy of Governance' before，without the democracy of the regime '"。"Democracy of Governance" means that Confucianism is just going inwardly，Stop political hope on "Holy Junxian"。No "democracy in power" means that the regime cannot be decided by the government，and rely on "hitting the world"。This says can also be discussed。According to the aforementioned "Shang Shu"、Mencius、Xunzi、Dong Zhongshu's point of view，The people have the power to overthrow the tyrant; the change of the dynasty can also be regarded as the result of the people exercise their power，At least the walk for the people，Not necessarily the spirit of people's sovereignty。

Mu Zongsan's views actually preset democracy/autocracy、Dualification of civilian/civil bet365 Play online games rights。Actually，Democratic refers to a government (the same as feudal)，Autocracy does not specifically refer to a certain government，Refers only to rule，Relatively problems with democracy and autocracy。It's just that Chinese people have long been used to treating democracy as a value standard，Therefore, all democracy can be regarded as autocracy。Another，Liang Qichao、Xiao Gongquan、Mu Zong San has the thinking of governance/rule of law，Different expressions。Liang Qichao attributed the legalist into the "rule of law"，Putting Mohn's politics into "human governance"。Xiao Gongquan pointed out，One of the biggest defects of traditional Chinese political thought is that you can't recognize "respecting law、heavy system，instead of relying on the morality of people to rule "。"Respect law、heavy system "seems to refer to the rule of law，"Listen to the morality of people to rule" seems to refer to people。Mu Zongsan ancient China "Youzhi Road、Vigue Road "said，Near a kind of political decision theory，It can also be said to be a kind of system decision theory; he calls "the spirit of the column" and "the spirit of the decomposition"，Also based on the two -way thinking of rule of law/person governance，So Mu said，Ancient Chinese Political Thoughts "‘ people ’s governance，Politics of the People '' '，Can't build a real rule of law "。but but，As Liang Qichao found，Confucianism has advocated for thousands of years.。Understand "Choosing Sage and Energy" and "Rover the Country with Morality" as a human governance to understand，Understanding Li Zhi as human governance may not be accurate。More and more scholars point out，The developed ritual system in ancient China is close to or similar to the Western "customary method"。Institutional economics with great influence in modern West，It is limited Bet365 lotto review to the understanding system limited to hard laws or written regulations，And that rituals and customs are even more stipulated than hardening，Of course it is also an important part of the system。There are so many ritual music and chapter systems in the Chinese dynasties，If simply starts from the rule of law/person governance，Said that in ancient China, only people governed、Is there a problem without the rule of law?

Let's take a look at the idea of ​​cultural evolutionary theory that has a deep impact on Chinese scholars in modern times。The influence of this doctrine in the West is mainly limited to the 18-19 centuries，By the beginning of the 20th century, it has been declining under the attack of Boys and others。But its impact on the Chinese was exactly the only in the 20th century，This has led many Chinese people to simply use progress/backward judging the ancients' thoughts，but you can't see the diversified modernity of the diversity of civilization。Qian Mu believes that modern politics in the West is hostile to the government and the people、Features of political parties and political parties，and traditional Chinese politics takes "Choose Sage and Energy" and "Set up Officials" as "Focus on"，He attaches great importance to local specialty in Chinese and Western comparisons，It is consistent with today's diverse modernity thoughts。

2000，The first issue of the Winter Number of the Winter Number of the American Academy of Humanities Sciences published a "Multi -Modernity" special number，Think of "multiple modernity" as a global focus topic to study。Relevant scholars proposed，Modernity is not a transcendent existence that transcends specific history and space，Once you get rid of the specific background, you cannot understand its true meaning。For example, someone discovered，Europe、North America、Japan、The Bet365 app download path of the colonial to modernity is different。Du Weiming advocates only transcendence of traditional/modern、West/Non -West、Global/Local two -point thinking method，can we truly understand modernity。From the perspective of diversified modernity，Since the 20th century, the cultural evolutionary theory and institutional decision theory of dominating Chinese people，and the corresponding civilian/civil rights、Governance/rule of law、Democratic/Authoritarian duplex thinking，Maybe it is worth reflecting。Research on traditional political ideology to get out of the "modern" trap，。

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