International Organization plays an important role in global governance，They not only support national cooperation，Also carried out the practice of global governance，Provide operationable solutions for global governance。With the changes in the international environment，International organizations from time to time face legitimacy and effective challenges，Therefore, it needs to be continuously changed。International Law Discipline from the formal system (such as charter、Rules) Design、Revised and explained technical perspective discussed the reform of the formal system of international organizations，The discipline of international relations is more concerned about the system reform effect of power competition between the country。Although the two universities have a deep understanding of the reform of the formal system reform of the international organization，But the formal institutional reform is not the entire content of the reform of international organization。

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The formal system of the international organization is not easy，But reformers can re -explain the charter and rules，or "Forum Shifting" gradually constructs the alternative rules system。For example，Western powers use place transfer strategies，Constantly constructing and promoting new international trade rules at the regional level，To promote the reform of the world trade system。International Law Research reveals the external performance of the changes in the international system，The main driving force behind it is the power competition between the great powers。Although the Western country has long grasped the initiative bet365 best casino games of the official international system for a long time，But in recent years，Developed countries，Especially the international political power of emerging powers continues to rise，Non -Western forces have begun to become the sponsors of reform。For example，2008 Global Financial Crisis spawned the Group of 20，and opened the share and voting rights reform of the two Bretton Forest agencies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank。In addition to negotiating directly with developed countries under the framework of the 20th Group,，Emerging countries also construct a parallel mechanism (such as the BRICS New Development Bank、Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank、Emergency reserve arrangements of the BRICS) Applying pressure on reform of existing international organizations。

Power competition can indeed be adjusted by the formal system of international organizations。For example，Although the United States once adopted delay tactics，But in the end, I still passed the reform agreement of the governance structure of two Bretton Forest Institutions。At the same time，With the establishment of emerging international institutions (especially two new multilateral development banks)，Development countries began to have their own international organizations，This significantly increases their influence on the international institutional system。Of course，International organizational changes promoted by power competition are also limited。On the one hand，Power may not be a sustainable power of reform。For example，With the relief of the financial crisis，The relative power of the Western country rises，The willingness to compromise is quickly attenuated。Results，After initially adjusted the share and voting right of the two major Breton Forest institutions，Dynamic share adjustments advocated by the major nations in the development of the development are not implemented。bet365 live casino games Therefore，It can be said that the reform of the two institutions at the formal institutional level is just preliminary。On the other hand，Even a successful formal institutional reform does not automatically lead to an innovation in the practice model of international organizations。Like World Bank、International Monetary Fund, such as highly professional international organizations, often has deep -rooted organizational culture。This culture is deeply influenced by the routine global governance practice inside the Western professional education and organizational internal organizational，It is not simply the top -down institutional adjustment can be changed。

　　Policy Contents

When the reform is deepened to the practical dimension，The first use of reformers is often policy controversy。Policy controversy is based on academic and policy research，Discipline and debate pointed out the defects of global governance plans adopted by the target international organization，Use the latter to change the method to change the practice。Take global economic governance as an example，Policy controversy from internal western countries in the 1970s，Promoted the Ivailable International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Falling Liberalism。Since the 1980s，The main sponsors of policy controversy are private organizations、Scholars and minority developing countries。For example，The World Bank's structural adjustment plan promoted in Latin America and Africa in the 1980s did not achieve the ideal effect，This is widely criticized by the international development academic community。Similar，The International Monetary Fund Organization emphasizes capital liberalization and additional conditions when dealing with the East Asian financial crisis，Also caused a lot of criticism。

Policy controversy can bet365 live casino games promote the reflection and learning of international organizations to a certain extent。For example，Reflection of the concept of liberal development based on international development literature，The World Bank began to pay more attention to the government's role。The International Monetary Fund also began to pay attention to the rhythm of capital liberalization in policy debate。but，Simple controversy from the outside world is often limited for the reform of international organizations。Especially when the initiator of the debate is not a big country，And its argument is only when criticizing existing policies and calling for reform，Limited impact of the authority of the target international organization，They can also choose to learn from criticism。Results，Related reform actions may become a repair of existing plans under the influence of organizational culture。

　　Plan competition

Different discourse levels with policy controversy，Plan competition also emphasizes knowledge innovation and international political power。On the one hand，The basis for competition in scheme is innovation。This innovation high depends on the practice of diversified governance、Tolerance Governance Experiment，and summary of new knowledge。Whether the above conditions are available，It depends on the ability and subject characteristics of the behavior body。For example，International development cooperation is knowledge、Fields with more innovation schemes，This is mainly due to the lower level of international development cooperation system、Participants for more diversion、The degree of localization of related practice is higher、Emerging countries and institutions are stronger。Results，Cooperation with Western Development Emphasized Domestic System Reform under external intervention、Social infrastructure bet365 live casino games and preferential financing different，Non -Western paths more emphasize the subjectivity of developing countries，Pay more attention to infrastructure，The choice of financing instruments is also more dimin。Comparison of comparison，higher integration in the international financial field，higher degree of knowledge structure，This has suppressed the innovation of solution。On the other hand，Plan competition also requires that reformers have greater power。Only this，The new plan can have the opportunity to implement it in the practice of global governance，It is possible to get international support，It is possible to spread through the knowledge community and the international civil servant system。For example，The reason why the field of international development can form a plan competition，Thanks to the continuously enhanced public product supply capacity of China，The establishment of a new system platform represented by the "Belt and Road"，and increase the number of international civil servants from the development of large powers。

Because the new plan is both critical and alternative，and have power support，Target International Organization faces greater customer and authoritative loss risk under the pressure of scheme competition。Therefore，Plan competition will cause relevant international organizations to adopt more targeted innovation behaviors。For example，Both World Bank and Asian Development Bank have begun to use more result -oriented loans，To give the project more autonomy。

　"Reform according to law" logic is facing challenges

During a long period of time，Whether it is a western country、The development of international organizations pursued by other behaviors can be called "reform according to law"。These reforms do not subvert the status of the target international organization，Do not interfere with the operation of international organizations，Do not seek to build international organizations as narrow Bet365 lotto review geopolitical tools。The reformers are pursuing to optimize the formal system and find a more effective global governance plan。but，In recent years，Western powers have begun to strengthen control of international organizations，Remove non -Western knowledge and personnel，and even more conceal the international organizations into geopolitical tools。The United States exited with threats during Trump's administration、Disrupting international organizations (such as the World Trade Organization) normal operation and other means to require international organizations to reform according to American will。In addition，International organizations are increasingly participating in international sanctions initiated by individual countries。

Obviously，The relevant actions of Western powers to the status of international organizations、Function and reform trajectory both have destructive effects。Although international organizations are susceptible to the influence of power of great powers，But it has been cautiously maintained the distance from power politics for a long time，Work hard to construct neutral、Justice、Image of Ryo Reform，Therefore, we can get extensive trust and support。But，With the "neutral hallucinations" of international organizations, it is more frequent，With the reform of international organizations, it becomes highly political，The trust of various countries will weaken the trust of international organizations，The reform of international organization may also slip towards the power of power in the small circle。These trends have challenged the overall development of international organizations and even global governance，It also requires international law and international relations discipline to re -examine its existing understanding of the issue of international organization reform。

　　(this article is the topic of Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Planning Projects "Power ' -‘ Discourse ’ -' Research on Global Governance Plan driven by the three yuan of practice’ (2020EGJ001)

(Author Unit: School of International Relations and Public Affairs of Fudan University)