Under the guidance of the “Made in China 2025” strategy，my country’s manufacturing industry is accelerating its development。Revolving around the implementation of the five major projects of "Made in China 2025"，A large number of major national science and technology projects are also gradually advancing。Most of these projects have clear goals、Long cycle、Great uncertainty、Involves many units and personnel, etc.，Their organizational methods mostly adopt the project bet365 refer a friend code model，This and the United States、EU、The practices of Japan and other technologically developed countries and regions coincide with each other。The characteristic of project bet365 refer a friend code is task-centered，Based on the overall arrangement，Decompose the overall goal into detailed goals，Communicated to each responsible unit in the system，Conducted by these nodes respectively；After completing the task, summarize and synthesize the results。On resource allocation，The superior manager of the power structure (usually the project manager) is responsible for scheduling，Subordinate front-line personnel have autonomy within a certain range，Applications that can flexibly control specific resources。The relationship between people in the organization and the project team is similar to secondment，That is, the team will often disband after the project ends，Members return to their original posts。Although project bet365 refer a friend code is a common practice for major scientific and technological projects internationally，But due to differences in countries and goals, even under the same framework，There are obvious differences in the specific structure and focus。While studying the organization of major national science and technology projects，To the outside world, the experience of the United States, Europe and other countries must be appropriately referred to，Internally, we should refer to our country’s existing plans，Find a feasible model suitable for our country。

　　Foreign organizational bet365 refer a friend code model

The Manhattan Project in the United States is the beginning of modern major scientific and technological project bet365 refer a friend code，The original goal was to control atomic energy、Applications and Manufacturing，later evolved into nuclear safety bet365 refer a friend code。The organizational structure is a typical inverted pyramid，Composed of nine military personnel with rich technical and bet365 refer a friend code experience、Scientific researchers form a military policy committee，Responsible for overall bet365 refer a friend code；Frontline personnel are mostly scattered in various places，There will be no transfer of jobs or positions，Only a few people are concentrated in specially established experimental centers。On target bet365 refer a friend code，In addition to goal decomposition of the Manhattan Project，Also adopts direct leadership system，That is, top managers have direct contact with key front-line personnel，Subordinates report major issues in a timely manner，Superiors focus their energy on solving a few key issues that subordinates cannot handle。This ensures that the rights and responsibilities of each node in the organizational structure are appropriate，It not only gives full play to the comprehensive bet365 refer a friend code role of the top manager，Give subordinates as much free space as possible。

The EU has also set up a special agency to be responsible for the overall bet365 refer a friend code of major scientific and technological projects，And professional scientific research institutions provide technical support for decision-making。However, due to the relative fragmentation of scientific and technological resources in the EU，Mostly joint projects，Many countries involved、The argument takes a long time，Therefore，The intensity of the game and the complexity of bet365 refer a friend code are even greater than in the United States。The organizational method focuses more on cooperation, coordination and benefit sharing，Mainly develop transnational cooperation models，Including matrix type、Virtual type、Four types of distributed and complementary types。Matrix type generally relies on the physical foundation of large-scale research equipment or devices，Pay more attention to communication；Virtual type relies on virtual technologies such as the Internet and electronic communications，Generally used when the project subject is a scientific research institution or university；Distributed type will completely decompose the target，Relatively easy to manage，But it may cause waste of resources due to repeated investment；Complementarity is a bet365 refer a friend code model unique to multinational projects，Not of much significance to our country。

The organization method of Japan’s major scientific and technological projects is relatively simple，That is, "government-industry-university-research" joint research。This approach pays special attention to the participation of industry and academia，Through cooperation platforms such as the Technology Innovation Alliance，In the enterprise、Establishment of funds between universities and scientific research institutions、The positive interaction and cycle of talents and R&D results。A typical example is the VLSI bet365 refer a friend code。This bet365 refer a friend code is managed by the Board of Directors and the subordinate Operations Planning Committee，Association formed by enterprises and some technical laboratories in the computer field，Provide technical support for the bet365 refer a friend code；The association is divided into two laboratories，One focuses on R&D，The other one focuses on achievement transformation and production。The government is responsible for coordination，Emphasis on internal cooperation，Thus enhancing external competitiveness。

　　Evolution to a flexible bet365 refer a friend code model

In the early bet365 refer a friend code practice of major scientific and technological projects in my country，The formation of a national system, an organizational method of "concentrating efforts to do big things"，Use administrative orders to allocate national resources。With the introduction and application of project bet365 refer a friend code in our country since the reform and opening up，Combining some characteristics of the national system with international common models，Gradually evolve into a flexible bet365 refer a friend code model。We use reform and opening up as the dividing line，Select the "Two Bombs and One Satellite" and Shenzhou 7 projects for separate inspection。

The "two bombs and one satellite" project is the beginning of my country's major scientific and technological projects，Take two routes、Five-level organizational form。The two routes refer to the administrative and technical routes running in parallel，Responsible for bet365 refer a friend code coordination and technical research，Relying on administrative orders to allocate and integrate resources，Rely on technical experts to make breakthroughs in difficult problems。The five levels differ in dual lines。The administrative line is subject to the highest leadership of the Party Central Committee and the State Council，Led by a specially established fifteen-member committee；The second to fifth levels are the administrative commanders、Sub-department leaders、Subordinate organizational leaders and specific administrative personnel。The first level of the technical route is also the fifteen-member committee，Including technical commander、Sub-system designer、Individual chief designer and related technical personnel。The two lines cooperate with each other and are independent of each other，The advantage is to ensure the professionalism of each route，And be able to give full play to our country’s institutional and resource advantages，Big results in a short time；Disadvantages include chaotic bet365 refer a friend code，Losses and uneconomical effects caused by rigid orders。

With the rapid development of my country’s scientific and technological undertakings and the introduction of international advanced ideas，Flexible bet365 refer a friend code comes into being，The Shenzhou 7 spacecraft project is one of the application cases。In Project bet365 refer a friend code Organization、life cycle、Several important aspects such as evaluation，and progress、Quality、Risk、Supplier bet365 refer a friend code and other details，The organization of Shenzhou 7 has been improved。Organizational structure，Shenzhou 7 revolves around a strong unified bet365 refer a friend code core，Continue to use the basic dual-line parallel mode，By establishing an interim bet365 refer a friend code group，Achieved both vertical bet365 refer a friend code and horizontal tasks。The five levels from high to low are: Project Office、Project Commander and Technical Commander、Deputy Project and Technology Manager、Specific business departments and temporary project teams、Scientific research institutes and enterprises。This structure has applications in matrix structure and ideas such as government, industry, academia and research。In addition，The Shenzhou 7 project uses models to evaluate bet365 refer a friend code effects，Further improved the bet365 refer a friend code method in details。

Currently，Our country has achieved initial results in learning from advanced international experience，But in top bet365 refer a friend code、The internal system and external environment still need further improvement。Excessive centralization of power by top bet365 refer a friend code，Multiple leaders at the same time make authority and responsibility confusing。The breakdown of goals in the system still needs to be standardized，Supervision、The adjustment and evaluation links also need to be strengthened。Insufficient external talent support，The information system is still under construction。Visible，In bet365 refer a friend code、On the executive level and auxiliary agencies，There is room for improvement in bet365 refer a friend code methods。

　　Integrated project bet365 refer a friend code model

"Made in China 2025" is the first step of the "three-step" strategy，its intelligent manufacturing、Projects such as green manufacturing and high-end equipment innovation are hybrid projects between the development period and the conversion period，Therefore, it is appropriate to adopt a bet365 refer a friend code method that combines traditional project bet365 refer a friend code with government, industry, academia and research，The softening and evolution of the national system is also worth inheriting。

Overall view，Our country should adopt a comprehensive project bet365 refer a friend code model，Divided into leadership group bet365 refer a friend code at a hierarchical level、Decompose the task execution layer、Production Operations Contractor，And join supervision、Technical Support、Auxiliary agencies such as assessment。Set up a temporary group on the structure，Absorb the advantages of the national system，Concentrate resources and talents to overcome difficulties。In method，Vertical centralization of power at the top、Delegating power to lower levels，Horizontally, the administrative and technical lines run in parallel，Uniformly obey the core bet365 refer a friend code。According to the experience of government, industry, academia and research in the transformation of achievements，Introducing market-oriented enterprises and scientific research institutions。Specific suggestions are as follows。

First，Generally adhere to project bet365 refer a friend code，Details should be adjusted accordingly。Determine the focus when planning the organization based on the specific project type，If specific technological breakthroughs are needed, close integration of resources must be emphasized，The need for key products emphasizes industry-university-research cooperation，Avoid a one-size-fits-all approach；After determining the structure，Work can be divided based on the work breakdown structure (WBS)。

Second，Strengthening the top-level construction of science and technology bet365 refer a friend code。First of all, we must ensure the unity of the top leadership department，If a special leadership group is established；Secondly, a standardized contract must be formed、Conventions and related rules，Clear task assignment，This is especially true when multiple departments are involved，Otherwise, rights and responsibilities may be unclear、Shifting the blame。

Third，Administration、Technology continues to implement independent lines。This allows professional issues to be handled professionally，Make the structure clearer。However, the shortcomings of multiple leaders determine that the core leadership group’s capabilities are required to be higher，Need to have excellent bet365 refer a friend code capabilities and professional knowledge，You can use collective efforts、Methods of technical support。

　Fourth，Realize industry-university-research cooperation at the executive level。Market-oriented R&D is conducive to accelerating the conversion efficiency of results，This requires our country to have a clear understanding of market positioning before implementing some special plans，Contact with relevant companies，Thus shortening the “monetization” cycle of R&D。Also pay attention to details，Such as enterprise access qualification settings、bet365 refer a friend code and Protection of Intellectual Property、Cultivation of outstanding scientific research talents and establishment of exchange platforms, etc.。

　Fifth，Pay attention to the construction of auxiliary mechanisms。Communication、Supervision and evaluation are all auxiliary mechanisms，But it is also an essential link。A special process framework should be established for information communication，Adopt the conference system、The reporting system and the information review system constitute a perfect communication mechanism，At the same time focus on digital construction。The supervisory organization should monitor the life cycle of the bet365 refer a friend code、Funds occupied、Risk control is scoped and scheduled、Irregular spot checks，Timely discovery、Stop loss in time。Assessment using model，At the same time, please note that the application should be adjusted according to national conditions and bet365 refer a friend code conditions。

　(Author’s unit: Institute of Industrial Economics, bet365 refer a friend code Social Sciences)