Under the guidance of "Made in China 2025" strategy，my country's manufacturing industry is accelerating development。The implementation of the five major projects of the "Made in China 2025"，A large number of major national scientific and technological projects are also gradually being promoted。Most of these projects have clear goals、cycle long、Uncertainty、Many characteristics involved in units and personnel，Its organizational methods adopt project management mode，This is with the United States、EU、Japan and other developed countries and regions of developed countries and regions coincide。Project management is characterized by task as the core，Under the premise of considering the overall arrangement，Decomposition the overall goal into a detailed target，Drive to various responsible units conveyed to the system，It is carried out separately from these nodes; after completing the task, summary and synthesis of various results。In resource allocation，superiors of the power structure (usually project manager) unified responsible for dispatch，The first -tier staff of the lower -level have autonomy within a certain range，Application of specific resources can be flexibly controlled。The relationship between the personnel and the project team in the organization is similar to borrowing，That is, the team will dissolve mostly after the project is over，members return to the original position。Although project management is a general practice of major scientific and technological projects internationally，But due to the differences between the country and the goals, even if it is under the same framework，There are obvious differences in the structure and focus of the specific performance。When studying the organizational methods of major national science and technology projects，Appropriate reference to the experience of the United States, Europe and other countries abroad，Inner, please refer to the existing scheme in Bet365 lotto review my country，Available mode that is suitable for my country。

　　Bet365 app download

The Manhattan Plan in the United States is the beginning of the management of major modern science and technology projects，The original goal was to control the atom、Application and Manufacturing，Later evolved into nuclear safety management。Its organizational structure is a typical inverted pyramid type，Military military with rich experience and management experience、Researchers formed a military policy committee，Responsible for overall management; front -line personnel are mostly scattered in various places，No job and post mobilization，Only a few people are concentrated in the experimental center specially established。In terms of target management，Manhattan plan except for target decomposition，It also adopted the direct leadership system，That is, the highest manager and key frontline personnel directly contact，Reporting major issues in a timely manner，The superior will focus on solving a minority key issue that the lower level cannot handle。This ensures that the rights and responsibilities of each node in the organizational structure，Both give up the comprehensive management role of the highest manager，Give the lower level as much as possible as possible。

The EU has also established a specialized agency responsible for the overall management of major scientific and technological projects，And professional scientific research institutions provide technical support for decision -making。But due to the relatively decentralized technology resources of the European Union，Most of them are joint projects，involved in the country more、Long argument time，So，The intensity of the game and the complexity of management than the United States。Organization methods focus more on cooperation and coordination and interest sharing，Main development of multinational cooperation mode，Including a matrix、Virtual type、Four types of distributed and complementary types。The matrix form generally relies on the physical basis of the large -scale research equipment or device，Look at it more attention to communication; bet365 live casino games virtual technology rely on virtual technologies such as the Internet and electronic communication，Generally used in the project's main body is scientific research institutions or universities; distribution will completely decompose the goal，Management is relatively easy，But it may be wasted in resources due to repeated investment; complementary type is a unique management mode of multinational projects，It has little significance to our country。

The organization of major science and technology projects in Japan is more single，Joint Research on "Official Property Academic Research"。This method attaches great importance to the participation of the industry and academic circles，Cooperation platforms such as technology innovation alliance，In Enterprise、Establishing funds between universities and scientific research institutions、The benign interaction and cycle of talent and research and development results。A typical example is the large -scale integrated circuit project。The project is used as the core of the operation plan of the council and the operation plan set.，Enterprises and some technical laboratories in the computer field to form associations，Provide technical support for the project; the association is divided into two laboratories，A focus on research and development，Another importance of the transformation and production。The government is responsible for coordination，Emphasize internal cooperation，to enhance external competitiveness。

　　Evolution to the flexible management mode

In the early major scientific and technological project management practice of my country，The organization method of "concentrated power to do major events" formed a national system，In order to use administrative orders to allocate national resources。With the introduction and application of project management in my country since the reform and opening up，Some characteristics of the national system are combined with the international general model，Gradually evolved into a flexible management mode。We use reform and opening up as a dividing line，Select "Two Booths and One Star" and the Shenzhou VII project for inspection。

The "Two Bouncing and Bet365 app download One Star" project is the beginning of my country's major science and technology project，Take two routes、Five -level organizational forms。Two routes refer to the parallel administrative and technical route，Responsible for management coordination and technical tackling，Relying on administrative orders to allocate and integrate resources，Relying on technical experts to make breakthroughs。Five levels of five levels are different from the dual line。Administrative route is the highest leader of the Party Central Committee and the State Council，Leaded by the 15 -member committee specially established; the second to the fifth level is the administrative commander、Sub -department leaders、Subordinates leaders and specific administrative staff。The first level of the technical route is also the fifteen -person committee，It includes the general command of technology、System designer、Single Director Director and related scientific and technological personnel。Double -line cooperation with each other and independent each other，The advantage is to ensure the professional extent of each route，and can give full play to my country's institutional advantages and resource advantages，Short -time big results; disadvantages include management chaos，Losses caused by hard commands and incompetence。

With the rapid development of my country's scientific and technological undertakings and the introduction of international advanced ideas，Flexible management should be born and born，Shenzhou VII spacecraft project is one of the application cases。In the project management organization、Life cycle、Evaluation and other important aspects，and progress、Quality、Risk、Supplier's management and other details，The organizational methods of Shenzhou VII are improved。On the organizational structure，Shenzhou VII cobies around the strong unified management core，Continue to use the basic mode of dual -line parallel，Establish a temporary management team，Realizing the consumption of vertical vertical management and horizontal tasks。The five levels of its level are from high to low in order: bet365 live casino games project office、Project General Commander and Technology Command、Deputy Manager of Project and Technology、Specific business department and temporary project team、Scientific Institute and Enterprise。This structure is applied to matrix structure and official property, research and research, etc.。other，Shenzhou VII project adopts a model for management effect evaluation，further improved the management method from the details。

Current，my country's study of advanced international experience has already achieved preliminary results，But in high -level management、Internal system and external environment still need to be further improved。High -level management excessive collection，Multiple leaders at the same time to confuse power and responsibilities。Target decomposition on the system needs to be regulated，Supervision、Adjustment and evaluation links also need to be strengthened。Insufficient support for external talents，The information system is still under construction。Visible，In management、Execution layer and auxiliary agency，Management methods have room for improvement。

　　Comprehensive project management mode

"Made in China 2025" is the first goal of the "Three Steps" strategy，Its intelligent manufacturing、Projects such as green manufacturing and high -end equipment innovation belong to a mixed project between development and conversion periods，Therefore, it is suitable，The softening evolution of the national system is also worth inheriting。

Looking at it overall，my country should adopt a comprehensive project management mode，Divided into the management of the leadership group at the level、Decomposition task execution layer、Production and operation contractor，Join supervision、Technical support、Evaluation and other auxiliary agencies。Set a temporary group in structure，Advantages of absorbing the national system，Concentrated resources and talent overcome difficulties。Method，vertical high -level centralization、The lower right right，horizontal is administrative and technical two -line parallel，Unified obedience to the bet365 best casino games core management。According to the experience of the transformation of results，Introducing market -oriented enterprises and scientific research institutions。The specific suggestions are as follows。

First，Overall adhere to project management，Details are adapt to the item condition。Determine the focus of the planning when planning the organization according to the specific project type，If you need a specific technology breakthrough, pay attention to the close union of resources，Need to emphasize the combination of key products，Avoid the way to avoid it; after determining the structure，It can be divided based on the work decomposition structure (WBS).。

Second，Strengthen the top -level construction of scientific and technological management。First of all, to ensure the unity of the top -level leadership department，If the special leadership group is established; secondly, a standard contract should be formed、agreement and relevant rules，Clear task allocation，This is the case when involving multiple departments，Otherwise, it may cause unclear power and responsibility、Push each other。

third，Administrative、Technology continues to implement independent lines。This can make professional problems be dealt with，Make the structure clearer。But the shortcomings of multiple leaders determine the higher ability requirements for core leadership groups，It is too strong to need its management ability and professional knowledge，You can adopt group strategies and group strength、How to support technical support。

fourth，Realize the combination of production, university and research at the execution level。Market -oriented R & D is conducive to accelerating the transformation efficiency of results，This requires my country，Contact related companies，to shorten the "monetization" cycle of R & D。At the same time, pay attention to details，Settings of Enterprise Entry Qualification、Management and protection of intellectual property rights、The training of outstanding scientific research talents and the establishment of the exchange platform。

Fifth，Pay attention to the construction of the auxiliary mechanism。Communication、Supervision and evaluation, Bet365 app download all belong to the auxiliary mechanism，But it is also an essential link。Special process framework should be established in information communication，Through the meeting system、The report system and the information review system form a perfect communication mechanism，At the same time, pay attention to digital construction。Supervision Organization shall have a life cycle of the project、Fund occupation、Risk control scope estimation and periodic、irregular spot checks，Timely discover、Time stop loss。Evaluation and utilization model per，At the same time, pay attention to adjustment according to national conditions and project conditions。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Industrial and Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)