August 2020，Shenzhen proposed to learn from Singapore in the construction of the housing security system，Singapore housing supply model becomes a hot spot again。Strictly speaking，Singapore's public housing policy is not only reflected in the appearance of "residential house"，but a policy of becoming a system，Construction of public infrastructure in Singapore、Public Service Supply、Social governance and social policies and many aspects are based on public housing policies。Singapore's national conditions are very different from us，Copy -photos learning obviously，Only fully understands the operating mechanism and internal logic of Singapore's public housing policy，can we truly learn and learn from。

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Public housing in Singapore is known as the government's "House" (English is FLAT)，Is the most common residential type in Singapore，About 85%of residents live in public housing，Among them, about 94%are their own housing，The remaining 6%is lease，Basically, "the resident has its own house"。How does Singapore solve housing problems?

First，Government ensures land supply。1966 The Singapore Government promulgated the "Land Recruitment Act"，It is stipulated that the government has the right to requisition private land to build public housing，The land required only the country has the right to adjust the price，No one can lift the price at will，It is not affected by the market。Current，About 80%of Singapore's land resources are in the hands of the government，The housing construction department can obtain land at a price far below the market，Make a large -scale construction of Bet365 lotto review public housing。Second，Public housing is only provided to those with low -income income。Singapore's public housing size is different，Generally includes two -bedroom style (about 45 square meters)、Three -bedroom style (about 65 square meters)、Four -bedroom style (about 90 square meters)、Five -bedroom style (about 110 square meters)、Three generations of Tongtang (about 115 square meters)、Apartment type (about 135 square meters), etc.。What needs to be explained is，The area of ​​public housing in Singapore refers to the inner area。In recent years, with the improvement of living standards，It also added a public housing type with better conditions，If the execution of a common pipe apartment。Each type corresponds to the corresponding family income limit，It is not possible to buy higher than this income limit，to ensure that low -income people have sufficient home buying opportunities，and inhibit the space for rising house prices。and，A core family (that is, a family composed of parents and minors) can only have a set of public housing，You can apply for a second set of improved public housing after 10 years of purchasing the first house，But the first house must be sold within half a year after purchasing the second set。again，In terms of selling public housing，The government can ensure that residents can afford a house through various policies。On the one hand，Government vigorously promotes house purchase subsidy policy。Buyers who meet the conditions can obtain a variety of house purchase allowances，Low -income people can get up to 60,000 yuan，Choose to live near the parents (within 2 kilometers) can also greatly increase the Chinese signing rate。On the other hand，Provide low -interest loans for residents with insufficient provident fund。The Singapore government has a series Bet365 app download of policies "aiming" beneficiary group，To ensure the objectivity and application of public housing purchase standards。At the same time，The government provides rental housing，Serving poor families。The rent of this part of the public housing is very cheap，Residents pay different amounts of monthly rent at different amounts of monthly income。For example, renting small public housing，Tenns with a household income of less than S $ 800/month will pay up to 33 S $ 33 a monthly rent，Practitioners with household income at S $ 801-1500/month will pay up to 123 yuan for monthly rent。To sum up，The sales model and lease model of public housing in Singapore fully realized the "residential house"。

　　Provide public services around public housing construction infrastructure

First，Singapore's urban planning fully reflects "people -centered"，Especially the layout design of the "chessboard"。The lives of residents in Singapore are roughly organized in accordance with the three levels of "Town -neighborhood -Louqun"，Like a big chessboard，The center of the chessboard is the center of the town，With comprehensive infrastructure and supporting service facilities，And the central construction of public housing。Among them, the shopping center、Retail store、Vegetable Market、Catering restaurant、Community Hospital、Clinic、Pharmacy、Totor Institute、Community Elderly care Center、Community Library、Residents' sports venue, etc.，Residents except to work far away，Generally does not need to leave the town。Each town is subdivided into 5-6 neighboring centers (similar to my country's community)，Each neighborhood center is equivalent to a micro town，There are various retail stores、Small fast food restaurant、Food Store、Activity Center and Clinic and other types of public basic supporting services，The residents Bet365 app download of each building walk for 5-10 minutes to reach the neighborhood center。Each neighborhood center is divided into 6-7 groups，That is the building group (similar to the residential area of ​​our country)，Each building has its own public space and corresponding supporting facilities。

Next，Singapore has a complete public transportation network，These networks are also constructed by public housing，Each building group has public transportation to arrive。Residents walk for 3-5 minutes to reach the bus station or subway station，And the bus station and the subway station are seamlessly connected。

again，The government’s public services have fallen to the neighborhood，Surrounded by public housing，Residents walk for 10-15 minutes to get service。The service hall on the first floor of the Singapore Residents Liaison Office can provide marriage registration、Policy Consultation、Application of basic social service items such as social security cards。Community hospitals assume important service responsibility as an auxiliary hospital，Provide patients with timely and effective health medical services for patients。Visible，Singapore's "Two Class Medical Networks" and "Double -Layers and two -way referrals" system is based on the public housing system。

　　Public housing as a carrier to achieve social governance and socialization

First，Singapore public housing area implements a "embedded" living mode，Make public housing a carrier of social integration，Reduced the spatial differences in the urban community，Avoid the "polarization" of society，Enhanced community cohesion。On the one hand, the ethnic group "embeds" residence，Promoting community integration。The government stipulates that the proportion of residents living in each building and even each building in the public housing area，Residents Bet365 app download must meet this proportion requirements when purchasing or resolding public housing，to avoid living in each ethnic group，strengthened the integration of communication between residents。On the other hand, the rich and poor "mutual embedded"，Public service equalization supply。Singapore private apartment、Large -scale public housing and small apartment public housing are staggered in a block，Avoid residents at different levels of income levels, which causes problems such as "alienation" and "polarization" in urban residential areas。This embedded method also prevents two levels of residential residence in the occurrence of cities，You can also give play to the "Space overflow effect" of public facilities in public housing areas，Residents who are convenient for private apartments to pay for facilities and services in public housing areas，Improving the utilization rate of public infrastructure。

Next，Singapore's residents' liaison institutes are built around public housing，Become a place for promoting the autonomy of residents and strengthening the social interaction of residents。In Singapore，As one of the grass -roots organizations of the People's Association，Play an important role in coordinating community autonomy and mobilizing residents to participate in activities。On the one hand，Residents Liaison Institute provides residents to participate in community cultural interaction、Platform to strengthen contact，Let residents have more opportunities to "meet"，From strangers to society to acquaintance society。A statistical display of 2013 Singapore Social Survey Agency，Residents participating in the liaison office have greatly promoted communication between each other，98.6%of the respondents and neighbors will greet each other when they meet，increased bet365 live casino games significantly compared to 2008。On the other hand，Resident contact provides a platform for the cultivation and development of community social organizations，These organizations have their own activity space at residents' contact centers，so as to better serve the grassroots social governance。

　　Public housing policy is the basis of many social policies

Many social policies in Singapore are based on public housing，Typical cases are Singapore's pension policy。First，Singapore advocates self -service pension，Give a discount when buying a house。The government encourages young people to buy public housing closer to their parents by increasing the Chinese signing rate and appropriate subsidies，This policy is conducive to children who take care of their elderly，helps improve the cohesion of the family。Second，Constantly improving the pension facilities with public housing as the core。The Singapore government has an elderly activity center at the bottom of the community public housing，Provide the elderly with a complete entertainment place with facilities。The government has continuously improved and improved the infrastructure of "pro -elderly" in public housing，For example。At the same time，The government promotes the development of the elderly social organization with residents' liaison as the platform，Let the community social organizations participate in the supply of elderly care services。again，Implementation of the house deed repurchase plan meets the diverse pension needs。Singapore public housing generally has 99 years of use (ie house deeds)，homeowners who meet the corresponding conditions can flexibly choose to retain a certain period of time in accordance with their age and expectations，Sell the remaining part back to the government，So you can get a fixed interest every month to Bet365 lotto review subsidize pensions，Improve the quality of life。To some extent，This is a very flexible and convenient house -selling pension system。

In short，Public housing in Singapore is a systematic engineering，We must conduct in -depth analysis of its operating mechanism and logic，This can better localize it，The formulation and implementation of serving my country's public housing policy。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Public Policy Research in Zhejiang University)