Environmental governance，The subject of responsibility, that is, whether the responsibility of collective and individuals, can effectively fulfill the key to determining the effectiveness of environmental governance。Where，Collective as the subject of responsibility has always occupied the dominant position in environmental governance，Government、Enterprise and social organizations are usually given the core responsibility of environmental governance，Play a pivotal role，What is the way individual Bet365 app download responsibility reflects and the effectiveness of its role，To some extent, it is often ignored。How to understand individual responsibility in environmental governance，determines what the individual is in environmental governance，and finally affect the effectiveness and sustainability of environmental governance to varying degrees。

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How to view the collective ethics responsibility in environmental governance? Supporting the collective party should assume more responsibilities on environmental pollution issues，Collective has a huge advantage and influence that unable to compare in environmental protection。Whether it is the generation of environmental pollution or governance，Even prevention，collective can always play a greater role than individuals，Therefore, you need to bear the corresponding responsibility。To some extent，Collective plays the main role in governing environmental pollution，Play a decisive role。On the one hand，Some industrial departments bring most of the greenhouse gas emissions or other pollution hazards in production and manufacturing activities，As a result。On the other hand，These industrial departments have a considerable degree and efficiency，There is a huge operating system，Occupy important resources and information，These elements allow them to have the ability and qualifications necessary for regional or global ecological problems。So in both emission reduction and governance，Institutions such as multinational companies or international organizations have corresponding moral responsibility。Facts based on these two aspects，Collective is undoubtedly the main or even feasible inquiry object in environmental governance，Because compared to collective，The influence of individuals can be said to be minimal。Taking greenhouse gas emissions as an example，Emphasize collective ethics responsibility、The party who denies the responsibility of individual ethics believes，Individuals do not protect the environmental causal responsibility and moral obligations in energy conservation and emission reduction。

Is the role of individual ethics responsibility in environmental governance insignificant? Ethics of individual environmental ethics attempts to explore a reward and punishment or mandatory emission reduction plan at the national level and the global consensus that lacks collectives for emission reduction，What moral requirement people do。The main purpose is to place moral responsibility in people’s daily actions。bet365 best casino games In other words，Should people take the moral responsibility to protect the environment in daily activities，This responsibility comes from the internal moral obligation of the individual as an environmental ethics subject，instead of external compulsory constraints。Theoretically speaking，Determine whether a person's moral responsibility is established is a vital premise，That is, people can only be responsible for their own actions，instead of being responsible for what he cannot control，Only under the control of the subject，The result can form a corresponding moral Bet365 lotto review responsibility to the subject。In environmental protection，Individual greenhouse gas emissions behavior is neither the necessary condition for global warming nor the sufficient conditions，Because individual actions are not the cause of climate change，So individuals should not be regarded as appropriate objects for moral requirements。This claim emphasizes the obligation of the subject comes from the consequences of their action。On the one hand，"View of Harmic" indicates，No individual causes damage to global warming，Because the behavior of individuals in daily life is too insignificant，It is difficult to lead to any influential environmental changes。As a result, the behavior of the greenhouse gases of the individual has no blame for morality，and they have no obligation to limit themselves not to do this。On the other hand，"No Influence" clarification，If certain harms have caused，Then the effort that the individual can do is too slight，Not enough to bring any improvement，The responsibility of being an individual to assume environmental pollution is not available。Look from the positive and negative aspects，There is no reason to let individuals reduce greenhouse gas emissions，Because they do not have the corresponding ethical responsibility and obligations。From this obtained，If we recognize the results of personal behavior are closely related to personal responsibilities，So no principles can support individual responsibility in environmental ethics。

But，The confusion caused by this argument is obvious。First，It violates our daily ethical concepts of environmental protection，If we cannot make moral condemnation of people who are too wasteful of energy，"Energy saving emission reduction，Everyone has the responsibility "advocate looks empty。Next，Any environmental change can be regarded as "collective behavior caused by the accumulation of hundreds of millions of small shares"，Although each separate behavior may not look significant，but hundreds of millions of behaviors can bring potentially impactful impacts。If the invalidation of causality is established，So even if the bad result does happen，We have no one to blame anyone，Even the final consequence is caused by the combination of these individuals，No individual needs to be responsible for this。This seems quite violated intuition，If each share does not bring any change，So how could the behavior that accumulated could have an impact on climate change? Based on，You can determine that individuals actually assume the necessary ethical responsibility in environmental protection。

　　The production mechanism of individual ethics responsibility in environmental governance

How does individual ethics Bet365 app download responsibility reflect in environmental governance? What way does it work?。The difference between these two states and the explanation of its mechanism，Provides some effective support for the generation of ethical responsibility in the individual in environmental governance。In the first case，The overall harm is caused by more and more accumulation processes，But there is no difference between each action。In the second case，The overall harm is caused by a special transformation，Before this transition exceeds the threshold or the critical point，Related hazards will not happen，Once this "trigger point" exceeds this，Environmental harm will inevitably occur or even irreversible。

Effects generated by individual responsibilities in environmental governance，Although the overall and global perspective，Its impact may be "inaccessible"，But no matter how unknown the change，The subtle changes generated by actually exist objectively。As the global climate warming appears，It is because the carbon dioxide emitted by each individual is used.，Although individuals may not be aware of the effects of climate warming，But this does not deny the responsibility of each individual's sharing。Because individual behavior passes the aggregation superposition, the impact is magnified，In fact, the overall negative consequences have caused practical harm，Eventually, the change that can be perceived。Without all necessary unknown harm (no matter how small)，Aware of the dangers will not happen。Therefore, for the environmental pollution of the established facts，Related individuals should have moral responsibility at the personal level。Some destructive climate changes caused by greenhouse gases as examples，Obviously at least some of the residents in developed countries at least some related personal responsibilities，Environmental protection constraints of energy conservation and emission reduction should be performed。and the "trigger point" state is well explained why the individual should have ethical obligations，Because it explains that a separate behavior has the possibility of a huge change that causes a sudden change。"In the trigger point,，Although the change is very small，But the difference it brings is enough to ensure that the expected benefit of the established behavior is negative。"Based on this，Everyone has moral obligations to limit their own emissions，Because everyone may become a person who finally crosses the threshold and cause irreversible environmental harm。Based on no one knows who's actions will become a trigger point，The best way is that everyone acts as potential triggers。Therefore, the individual has the obligation to regulate itself，Although a certain change may only be one -hundred -billions of probability, it will directly cause great harm to the environment。In this sense，You need to understand everyone's action from a collective perspective，That is to say，When some random crowd collection，If all people driving large -displacement cars，When the result can cause some environmental harm，Then each individual is obliged to fight against harm。

Here，Individual responsibilities and collective responsibilities have generated interaction，That is to say，The moral results caused by the group level bring moral Bet365 lotto review responsibility to the individual in the group，In particular in environmental governance。Although the mechanism of climate change may not be scientifically concluded，But the determination from the collective level is more accurate than individual cognition。That is to say，Environmental protection is a coordinated action "What do I want to do high depend on others will do"，Then the individual action as an indispensable ring that has become an indispensable one to achieve a common purpose，Therefore, the boundary of individual responsibility is established in a certain obligation。Responsibility boundaries of individual environmental protection to a large extent can only be achieved through the government，Because the government has more power to make everyone change their behavior，Therefore, the request of joint efforts define the individual's moral responsibility。If you do not bring individual obligations that can bring collective action，Obligations at the collective level cannot be satisfied。other，The obligation requirements at the collective level also promoted the individual to understand each other while understanding each other，From this practical practice of your own environmental obligation。

　　Practical response of ethical responsibility in environmental governance

Overall，The main status of collective occupation of ethical responsibility in environmental governance，At the same time, it also plays a law and a role in promoting the ethical responsibility of the individual。But this does not indicate that the role of individual responsibility is very small or can be ignored。Just the opposite，Only clarify the ethical responsibility and obligation of the individual，Only to better establish a responsible subject in environmental governance，to further promote individuals to better play the main role in environmental governance。Practice of human environmental governance confirms the interaction between individual ethics responsibility and collective ethics responsibility。The environmental protection campaign set off globally in the 1970s，Promoting the duties of environmental protection in promoting governments of various countries，Take measures to protect and control the living environment。1972，The "Human Environment Conference" was held worldwide for the first time，It marks the awakening of environmental problems all beings。The "Manifesto of the Human Environment" published by the meeting，Requires "Citizens and groups, as well as enterprises and agencies at all levels to bear responsibility，Everyone engaged in common efforts。Local governments and central governments，Large -scale environmental policies and actions within their jurisdictions，Affordable to the greatest responsibility "。Government、Enterprise、Groups and individuals should assume environmental governance responsibility，Become an important issue for the later World Environment Conference。

my country is in environmental governance，Always emphasizes collective responsibility with individual responsibilities.。The "Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" passed in 1989 established the "local people's governments at all levels，The basic principles of the environmental quality of the area under the jurisdiction，At the same time, it also stipulates that "all units and individuals have the obligation to bet365 live casino games protect the environment，and have the right to report and sue the units and individuals that pollute and destroy the environment "，This provides legal basis for governments at all levels and the public to participate in environmental governance。The "build the government as the lead proposed by the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China、Enterprise as the main body、Environmental Governance System Co -participating in Social Organization and the public "，It is a clear government、Enterprise、The public and other parties and other subjects and responsibilities，provides guidance ideas for the formation of a good pattern of the whole society to promote environmental governance。

In short，Whether it is the theoretical debate or the confirmation of practice，Collective and individual in environmental governance，Only the responsibility is clear、Clear boundary、Function，Only the optimized state with significant effectiveness of environmental governance，"bet365 live casino games protect the environment，Everyone has the responsibility "can really fall into practice。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)

Background link

Environment、Resource、Population is the three major problems facing human society today。Especially environmental problems，It is a serious threat to the survival and development of human society。Environmental problems have a long history，The 18th Century Industrial Revolution has completely changed human production and lifestyle、While bringing modern and well -being to humans，Its unsustainable production and consumption methods，and the unsatient emission of the bearing capacity of the natural environment，As a result, environmental problems are intensified，Become a region、Public problems in a country and even global survival and development。

In fact，Facing the conflict between economic development and environmental protection，Humans have never stopped "management"，While constantly reflecting on your own behavior，Try to control environmental pollution by adopting different production methods: discharge from uncontinental、End -end governance，To clean production、Green Industry, etc.。Correspondingly，Environmental management mode is also changing: "command control" type led by the government，Gradually to government enterprises、"Cooperation Network" mode transformation of political and social collaboration。Especially since the 1990s，Governance theory as a new theory and practical paradigm for public management，Provides new knowledge background and discourse system for environmental management，promoted researchers and managers to re -examine the existing environmental management，Reconstruction of the research paradigm and content system with new management concepts and methods。Public governance while "targeted" for environmental governance，Various new problems in the field of environmental governance are increasingly included in the knowledge framework of public management，Hot topics and focus topics that become continuous attention in the field of public management，This also promotes the transformation of traditional environmental control to environmental governance。

Environmental problems are included in the discourse bet365 Play online games system of public governance，It is inevitable with its theory and practice。

First，Environmental problems are typical public problems。Environment as a public item，External nature produced by quality advantages and disadvantages，Make it a public problem that affects a wide range of people。Environmental governance is concerned about environmental protection、Sustainable development and other public affairs，What I want to solve is environmental pollution、Global warming and other problems，What is pursuing is the "public interest" that achieves the coordination of economic development and environmental protection。Public items attributes of the environment，and the openness of the environmental ecosystem，It makes its externality easily amplify，Its influence of the crowd and the wide range of regions，determines the provision of environmental governance and environmental public products requires multiple subjects to achieve it。

Second，Environmental governance subject is increasingly diversified。As early as the 1970s and 1980s，People often understand "environmental governance" as narrowly as an environmental protection department to take various effective measures and means to control pollution，Pollution source as the object of environmental management，Take the end governance as the management goal，Excessive emphasis on the government's administrative order，Therefore, the environmental protection is closely related to the public's interests、It should have been changed from a wide range of activities from the public into a unilateral action of the government。Under the impact of emphasizing the reform practice of the co -governance of diversified subjects，Environmental management begins to change to environmental governance，The main body of governance is also widely participated from the government's single subject to multiple subjects: government、Enterprise and public，and even international organizations extensively participate，Diversified main scope is continuously expanding。By establishing identity and consensus、Cooperation、Consultation、Constructing partnerships, etc.，jointly implement the management of environmental public affairs。Diverse subject cooperation in environmental governance co -governance，It can be said that to a certain extent, the "good rule" of the environment。

third，Continuous expansion of environmental management objects and fields。Since the 1980s，Environmental problems are accelerating an amplification trend，The range of occurrence from regional、Local nature to globality、Public expansion; the scope of influence involves sea、Lu、empty，has spread all over the water、Underground、Atmospheric and even cosmic space，Environmental problems have become a global problem involving all aspects of people's life。Radial diffusion with environmental problems，The issues and research areas of environmental governance have also become increasingly diversified。Multi -subject governance is fully expanded: Coordination of inter -government environment governance、Environmental governance public participation、Environmental governance government -enterprise cooperation、Regional environmental cooperation、Global Environmental Governance, etc.; Multi Bet365 lotto review -field governance has achieved remarkable results: watershed environmental governance、Marine Environment Governance、Atmospheric environment governance、Environmental disaster emergency management、Environmental refugee governance, etc.。New environment issues continue to enter the research field of public management，greatly expanded the research space of public governance，Environmental governance becomes a high concern of a government government，and need to be with other countries、International Organization、Global governance fields in collaborative solution of multinational enterprises。

The Chinese government is always committed to promoting environmental governance in all aspects。Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，Ecological civilization construction is included in the overall layout of the national development，From this "enter the fast lane"。Based on this，The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China takes the "persistence and nature symbiosis" as the basic strategy of adhering to and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era。As an important part of modernization as a national governance system and governance capability，Modernization of environmental governance system and governance capacity will not only promote my country's economic and social development to a comprehensive green transformation，Promote the implementation of sustainable development strategies，and can also greatly enrich the connotation and extension of public management research，Innovative development of promoting public management theory and practice。