Oracle on the Warring States text、Jin Wen，Xiaqi Qin Qi Gu Li，It is an important stage in the history of Chinese characters。Settlement in the late Spring and Autumn Period，With the politics of the ancestors and nobles gradually disintegrate，Rise of the Warring States Period，The scope of text application is also becoming more and more wide，Regional differences are getting obvious，The so -called "speech alien in the Eastern Han Dynasty Xu Shen's" Speaking and Syrian Syrian "appeared，Text Alien "situation。The situation of "text alien" of the Warring States Period is the inherent motivation of the "book and text" policy of the Qin Dynasty，The "text alien" of the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty "Books and Text" exist in the internal historical logic。

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Wang Guowei first divided the text of the Warring States Period into Qin Kingdom and Oriental Six Kingdoms text，Later, the Qi Department was gradually formed、Swallow、Jin Department、Chu Department and the Qin line of the Warring States text "Five Series"。Qin Department、Swallow refers to Qin Kingdom、The text of Yan Guo; the other three departments include Qi、Chu、Sanjin's text in some countries that are close to regions and culture。Ru Qi is except Qi Guo text，also includes Lu、邾 邾 邾 邾 邾 邾;、Zhao、Weiwei，also includes Zhongshan、Zheng、Wei and other Chinese text;、Wu、Yue、Xu、Cai、Song and other Chinese text。

bet365 Play online games The difference between the shape between the fonts of different regions of the Warring States Period is the main manifestation of "text alien"，Ghostic differences, that is, the same word is different in different systems or different countries。Take the word "autumn" as an example，Qin line """ (Yunmeng · Nikko 136)。Chu is three types of glyphs，Or from He Congfu """ (Guodian · Word 1: 40);"" (Bao Shan 214);"" (Bao Shan 47)。Jin Sai or the first glyphs of the Chu Department ""(Xihui 4448), or omitted the fire""(Xihui 4449)."(Xihui 3466)，From He Congjia，superimposed "屮" next to。It can be seen that there is a large difference in the same word on the component components between different regions。

"Text Alien" is also manifested as differences in word habits between various districts。Differences in the use of words are the cases represented by different words in different departments or different countries in the same word。For example, the word "half"，Qin Kingdom is expressed in "half"; Chu Wen characters use ""; Qi Wenzi uses""; San Jinwen uses""; Yanwen characters are expressed in" anti "。There is also a difference in word habits in the same department，For example, "Wen"，Teng Guo's text is expressed in "吝"，and Qi Guo use "Wen"。Another like the word "aluminum"，The text of the country may be represented by "Lu"，Qi Guo uses "aluminum"。

　Trends of the Warring States Period's text

During the development and evolution of the Wars of the Warring States Period，"Text Alien" phenomenon is more prominent，but does not indicate that the text between the Warring States Period is mainly "different"。The text of the Warring States Period has inherited the Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Welfare，glyph structure generally inherited the text of Shang Zhou，This Bet365 app download side reflects the stability of the development of Chinese characters。Overall，"Same" in the body and use of the Wattle of the Warring States Period is the mainstream。Frequent contacts of politics and merchants from the Warring States Periods，The differences in words in various countries have not formed a huge obstacle to communicate，The reason is also here。

The text of various countries during the Warring States Period is not an isolated existence，Maintain relative consistency in the overall structure，Politics between countries、Economy、Frequent communication in culture and other aspects，Between the texts of each department will inevitably affect each other。Due to the source of the text of each department，The evolution of the glyphs is also similar; such as the word "Chinese" of Chu Wen is often seen """ ""，This way of writing is also seen in Sanjin Word，Ruchun Cheng Hou Zhong """ ("Integrated" 9619), Prince Zhongfu Ding ""(" Integrated "2530), Zhongfu Seal""" (Xi Tao 120 pages)。Chuncheng Hou Zhong is a typical Korean，South Korea is adjacent to Chu State，The geographical location of the two countries is close to，There are the same special glyphs，Reflects the mutual influence and blending of the text of various countries during the Warring States Period。

The regional division of the Warring States Period's text is performed inside the Chinese character system，Development does not leave the system of Chinese characters，So regional differences are still the differences within the Chinese character system。Although Chinese characters will produce some mutations during a certain period，But restricted by the structure bet365 best casino games of the Chinese character system，This difference will not change the overall appearance of the Chinese character system。Chinese characters have undergone thousands of years of development and evolution，But its system still maintains relatively stability。

　　The implementation of the "book and text" of the Qin Dynasty

"Books and Text" are found in the pre -Qin literature records。"Books the same name，Car Same Rail，This to Zhengye。"" (Zi Yue) get off the same rail today，Books the same article，Xingtonglun。""，As early as the pre -Qin period，The unified specifications of text have been valued by the rulers。From the perspective of existing information，Chinese characters from the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period's rules are indeed very high。

The degree of text alien during the Warring States Period is not as serious as future generations imagined，But after all, it will affect the politics of various countries、Communication of Economic and Culture。Qin unified the six kingdoms after the Six Kingdoms adopted the "book and text" policy，"Historical Records · Qin Shihuang's Benji" contains "one method to balance the stone ruler，Car Same Rail，Book Same Text。"Books and Text" become managing the world、Important measures to maintain unity。

So how does "book and text" be implemented? Xu Shen's "Said the Wingwen · Syrian" contains: "Emperor Qin Shi and the beginning of the world，Prime Minister Li Si Nai played the same，No one with Qin Wen，Srime "Cangjie"，CITIC Mansion Order Zhao Gao's "爰 爰"，Tai Shi Ling Hu Wu Jingzuo "College"，All take "History" big，or a pretty province，The so -called Little Cover also。""，The Qin Dynasty "Books and Text" first abolished the glyphs of the text of the six nations and the text of the Qin system，and order Li Si and others to specify the text，Created the fonts that were later called "Qin Yan" or "Xiaoyan"bet365 best casino games ，As a standard specification for the text of the Six Kingdoms。

According to existing research，Xiaoyu is not directly the result of provincial reform in "History" in "History"，but gradually evolved on the basis of the Qin of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。In 1973, the Qin Du Hufu was unearthed in the suburbs of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province，40 characters on the wrong gold inscription on the above，"The Faculty of the Armor，Right in Jun，Left in Du，Fanxing Ji was brought by A，More than fifty people with soldiers，Junjun Chart，Nai Dan，Although there is no symbol，Although there is no symbol，殹 殹 殹。

Du Hu Fu Mingming is the text information of the Qin Kingdom during the Warring States Period，Compared with the glyphs with Xiaoyi, we can see the relationship between the two (Figure 1)。

Comparison can know，Du Hu Fu Mingming is almost consistent with the writing of the text structure，It's just that there are differences in the form of strokes，Xiaoyan turning arc is even more rounded，and the turning point of the Qin Du Hufu is more square，It can be clearly seen that the inheritance relationship of Xiaoyan's text in the Warring States Period。

"Book and Text" policy is implemented，The situation of "text alien" of the Warring States Period is basically eliminated，"Xiaoyan" becomes a styling system for Chinese characters。Xiaoyan is the official，Lishu, which is developed in the vulgar body of Qin Kingdom, is auxiliary font。It is easier to write because it is written，Scholars generally believe that in the Qin Dynasty Lishu actually shaken the dominant position of Xiaoyan，That is, although the official regulations are unified by small，But Lishu is more widely used in actual daily life，You can establish a more efficient bet365 live casino games document operation system through Lishu。In the Western Han Dynasty Lishu, it officially replaced Xiaoyan，Become the main font。

"Books and Text" not only refers to the unified text shape，More important is the title of famous objects、The institutionalized construction of the terms of terms and taboos of the person name。For example, "Emperor of the Emperor of the Emperor", "The Emperor of the Thailand, the Emperor of the Thailand"、Taishang is tied with the emperor，Further deification of imperial power。"Wang condemnation and condemnation", "Wang Ling said to the emperor", "the order to the system" and other authoritative authority。"The captain of the county is the captain of the county", "Bang Sima is the county Sima", etc.。"Books and Text" policy not only involve national affairs，It also involves folk sacrifice、Animal name, etc.，If "no dare to say the witch emperor is the witch" means "don't call the witchcraft for the witch emperor，It is called a witch "，"Don't dare to say pigs and say 彘" means "Don't call this animal called pig，To be called 彘 "。

The connotation of "Books and Text" is not simply limited to the uniform text of Qin Xiaoyu，It also includes normative names、A series of institutional construction such as the title of political system，Its connotation is rich，It reflects the Qin Dynasty system and cultural construction。Although Chinese characters are constantly generated in the process of use and dissemination of Chinese characters、讹，But the unified text is always the mainstream value pursuit of Chinese culture，This is to maintain the centripetal force and cohesion of the Chinese nation，Maintain national unity、The country has reached an important role。

(The author is the person in charge of the National Social Science Fund project "East Friday Department Golden Essay Research"、Associate Professor of the School of History and Culture of Qufu Normal University)