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African Film: Reborn African Cultural Image

00:02, April 16, 2020 Source: "China Social Sciences", April 16, 2020, No. 1908 Author: Zhang Yong

　　In today's Chinese research and discussion on African movies，often refers to "Black Eagle Fall" (2001)、"Rwanda Hotel" (2004)、"Blood Diamond" (2006)、"Somalia Pirate" (2017) and other Hollywood African blockbusters。but，These movies are not completed by the creative body from Africa，It has not shaped a diverse image that conforms to Africa's reality，On the contrary, Africa is often described as primitive、backward、Bloody、Violent human hell。Assuming that the film created by the outside world is equivalent to African movies with African movies，Then it is possible to violate the African film industry to make an own voice、Reality of improving African cultural image，Make us academically in the dilemma that is difficult to get out of the country for international dialogue。

　　New growth points of regional film research

　　Affected by the colonial influence of the hometown of the world movie，The time when the movie arrives in Africa is almost synchronized with the rest of the world -as early as 1896，Cairo Egypt appeared in movie screening activities。Despite this，Africa's film activities have been controlled by the European Nations before independence，Until the 1960s, the African continent set off a wave of national independence，The official start of its local movie。Paradox is，Due to the existence of cultural hegemony，Farewell to the colonial rule，Film shaping about Africa is still Hollywood rule，and under the long -term cultural instillment, become the main resource of global audience imagination of Africa。So，Real Africa is often shielded。So，Entering African Film Research，It is the name of Africa in the criticism sense，Also re -understand the cultural and artistic ecology of Africa today。

　　The research on African movies in foreign academia starts earlier，The two most classic books in the history of the world -George Sader (1904-1967) bet365 Play online games 's "History of World Film" and Ulish Gregor (1932-) "World Film History: 1960 since"，Discuss the chapters specifically to discuss African movies as a whole。囿 The background of the Cold War era during historical data and writing period，These achievements are not much for African movies，However, the precedent for incorporating African movies into the cultural landscape and research category of world movie。

　　Enter the 1990s，With the rise in the status of African research in the world's mainstream academic circles，African Film Studies have gradually become an important topic in European and American film theoretical circles，And becoming a successor in Asian movies、New growth point of regional film research after Latin American films: on the one hand，Research on African movies is more systematic，From overview to area、Fine research direction of the country，and use feminism、Postmodernism、Post -colonialism and other theoretical methods for analysis and interpretation; on the other hand，With the annual output of NOLLYWOOD (Nollywood), it ranks second in the world with an annual output of more than 2,000，and have extensive communication among European and American African people，Film researchers from Europe and the United States and Africa have focused on this new industry，They generally think that Norolu -style video movies are low、Extract of quality，But represents the hope of the independent development of the African film industry，Therefore, it is often highly interested in its interest。

　　Go to colonize to promote film development

　　Study in African local movies，Can't simply apply the standards of European and American movies，You need to understand the development of this series of movie text and phenomena through a specific interpretation framework。African film development has its own laws，Decoration of colonization is its most important promotion factor。During the colonial period，European colonial soveree nations are afraid of the spread of the movie，Still the possibility of the production of local films in Africa，European and American Bet365 app download movies that can only be played on the African continent。The 1960s，Africa has just broken away from the political management and control of the colonial empire，The trauma and violent memory of the war has not yet gone，Economy colonial and cultural colonials still exist。Osman Mori (1923-2007)、Niger's Omaru Gangda (1935-1981) and other African movies pioneers all consciously accompany the third world movie，Take the movie as an encouragement revolution、Tools participating in politics，and through political corruption、Religious struggle、Expressions of the grand issues such as female liberation，Reflection of the history and fate of the African nation，Expressing resistance colonial、Fight for personal freedom and other political topics，African cultural image that is very different from European and American movies in terms of style and content。

　　"The Carrier" (1963) directed by Senbe is recognized as the first movie in the south of Sahara，In this short film less than 19 minutes，The film shows through the life of the carriage and the day of life，Show the reality of life of the people at the bottom of Africa during the colonial period。The carrier in the film is like a roamer in the city，Through him，The audience was able to glimpse the appearance of the city; when he carried the guests to a French white tall building，Stop being stopped by the police is not allowed to approach。Although the country is independent，But the identity of the African people is still shocking。and the film's inner monologue with multiple stories continuously repeatedly repeated the carriage husband -"Who am I" and "What will I do"，Show the identity anxiety of the African people。

　　A African film expert once said，"Due to the historical tradition of colonial and the current reality that is not independent，African movies south of Sahara inevitably discuss identity，and as much as discussing independence "。The first long film "Black Girl" (1966) is also a deep reflection on African identity。beginning of the film，Because Senegal announced independence，French employers return to France with a black bet365 Play online games girl。After learning this good news，Black girl excitedly informed relatives and friends、Left neighbor and right house。This African identity and obsession with the identity and obsession of the European colonial clan country，The post colonial theorist Franz Faron described "Black Skin，White Mask "。The black girl in the film arrived in France and found that the situation was far from what she imagined，Then began to accuse "France is not an imaginary paradise，I am either in the kitchen or in the bedroom "" Is it a black hole in France? Why am I here?。By this movie，Director Ottoman Senbe is called "Father of African Films"。

　　"Very true，A new Africa has been born，But the prerequisite for this huge change is that Africa must and the past、and the West split out，The artist has the responsibility to speak for this。"Mori's work" The Taru Yiying Camp "(1989) is the most political African movie。Facing the history of Africa，Tell French massacre to Africans: After the end of World War II，A group of African soldiers who contributed to defending France requested that the dismissal fees with the same treatment as French soldiers，but was rejected by the French military，After repeated negotiations, they detained French officers。After the negotiation is over，In the morning，The French military dispatched tanks to bombard the entire barracks -African soldiers did not fight on the battlefield，But it fell under the muzzle of the "own person" they identified。Senbe nailed French colonists forever on the shame of history with such an angry attitude。

　　Apart from Osman Senbe，Africa was also born in Suleman Sisser、Jabriller Dionp Manti、Idrisha Wadela Ouoguo and other international influence film directors，Their work farewell to the stage of early 咿学学，Very widespread attention and recognition of the world。where，Algerian Director Mohammed Rachdar Hamamina's "Fire Fire" (1975) won the 28th Cannes Film Festival Golden Palm Award; Mali director Suleiman Sisser's "Wings of Light" (1987 " ) Woning the 40th Cannes Film Festival jury prize; "Samba Traio" (1993), directed by Burkina Faso Bet365 lotto review -director Idrisha Wadelaoo, won the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear，South African director Mark Tang Ford Mei's "Carmen of Kamalisha" (2005) won the 55th Berlin Film Festival Golden Bear Award。These works bid farewell to the opposition emotions in the early days of Africa，Stepping on the same stage with European and American filmmakers，Active integration into the mainstream Western Film Festival Exhibition，improved the "visible degree" of African and African movies in the world。

　　"Carmen of Kaylisa" is adapted from Western classic "Carmen"，and move the story background from Europe to South Africa alleys，Production language replaced by the native of South Africa，The main character has changed from Gypruisan to a black woman，and emphasize the beauty of "black"。Carmen in the film relies on his own color or even sell your own body in exchange for freedom，Use lover to save my husband，All of this seems to be reasonable and reasonable，"I only belong to myself"，This Carmen shouted the strongest sound in the heart of African women。After the film won the 2005 Berlin Golden Bear Awards,，The heroine Norrusso Bokwana said: "I can't describe my feelings at this moment，This is not only us，It is also a breakthrough in South Africa's film industry。”

　　There is a Norolia in Africa

　　African movies have made significant progress at the artistic level，But still facing embarrassing reality: I can only see African movies in the film festival。Wadelao pointed out: "People generally think that Africa is a country，But in fact, it is a mainland consortium composed of some big nations and many small countries，90%of the people in mainland China live in remote places，No electric，No cinema。"to change the foundation of the African film industry backward，African local audience is difficult to see the situation of local movies，Since the 1990s，Countries represented by Nigeria starting from video -level movies，Gradually get close to the local audience，Occupy the local market。to this day，Nigeria has the most prosperous film industry in the African continent，and the annual output of more than 2,000 units becomes more bet365 best casino games than the United States、The second largest film industry country in the world after India，Make African films reached an unprecedented height in the field of peace and spread in the industry，It provides considerable labor employment opportunities in Nigeria，Annual profitable amount of about 200 million US dollars，Become the second largest industry after Nigeria after oil，Therefore, it is called "Nolewood" in comparison with Hollywood and Bollywood。

　　The birth of Norywood, on the one hand, broke the pattern of the European and American movies monopolized in the African market，African continent has sincere cultural products that sustainable development，Movies that can carry the experience of African people's life and have low prices have been quickly respected; on the other hand,，Norywood brings hope for the re -construction of African image，Norywood movie has deconstructed the stereotype of Nigeria and even Africa as a whole，Deepen the folk legends and celebrities of various tribes，Tell the life close to the people、Local stories reflecting social reality，"Positive Energy" reflecting the native and soil，Not only absolutely controllable cultural influence in Africa，And loved by African discrete people，Become a must -have for life in Africans in Europe, America and China。So，The rise of Norywood is not only a regional phenomenon，more surpassing the boundary of the territory and becoming a cultural phenomenon of globalization。

　　In the Toronto Film Festival in Canada、Berlin Film Festival and other major international film festivals, which are highly praised on the major international film festivals "Lion Heart Girl" (2018)，Tell a young Nigerian girl after her father is sick，Resolutely decide to run a family business with my uncle，Save the enterprise in the environment that is filled with gender discrimination。The film is a typical inspirational story that establishes women's confidence and African confidence: The heroine wears a headset out of the apartment and runs from the apartment，A standard middle class image，To some extent, bet365 best casino games the audience perception of the life of Africans in the past，plot about the competition of the company，It revealed the economic and trade vitality of this country with a steady economic development in 2018。Due to the hard narrative、Sophisticated production，At the Berlin Film Festival，NETFLIX (also known as "Net Fei"), a famous American streaming media platform, purchased the global playback copyright of the film，The iconic incident of becoming a global video network platform entering the African market。African movies are the same as other areas of Africa，Broad space in the future、Prospects are available。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the African Film and Television Center of Zhejiang Normal University African Research Institute、Documentary Director)

Editor in charge: Changchang