The international financial crisis broke out in 2008 and the sovereign debt crisis that broke out from 2009-2010 is like opening the "Pandora Box"，Triggering a chain response to the world economy and international politics。For more than ten years since then,，Division of the rich and poor in the West and the increasing social tear，The international strategic pattern is also undergoing in -depth adjustment。The crisis of new liberal international order led by the United States is constantly，The globalization process supported by this order is also frequent frustration。In the Board，Economic and nationalism has won favored in some countries，Its decision makers and social elites re -examine the theory and practice of economic nationalism，Attempts to find a plan to deal with the current international strategic competition。

　　Bet365 lotto review The theory of economic nationalism is believed，In international strategic competition in the economic field，The political leadership of a country shall use the policy structure with externally exclusive and monopoly，Implementing strong intervention，Make the country's economy from foreign products、Competition of technology and capital，and select the path of the country's independent decision，To maximize its own country's technology update at the fastest speed、Industry upgrade and economic growth。Specifically，At the level of technology and industry，With the help of industrial policy，Transfer resources to key departments and specific enterprises with strategic significance，Provide support，Make it seize the "high point" of cutting -edge technologies and cutting -edge industries with high value -added; at the level of trade and investment，Establish a protectionist architecture through high tariffs or non -tariff barriers，Prevent foreign capital from infiltrating the strategic industry of the country; at the level of foreign finance，Push the export and foreign investment through the control rate and monetary policy; at the diplomatic level，Then try its best to build an international economic cooperation structure that is conducive to domestic enterprises，Help domestic enterprises expand foreign markets，Get monopoly profit。

As early as the European business competition in the early 15th and 17th centuries，Readentism thoughts，It is believed that the precious metal wealth controlled by the country should be accumulated as much as possible through net exports，This has become an important source of economic nationalism。At the end of the 18th century, the U.S. Minister of Finance of the United States Hamilton's view of the country's manufacturing industry，1940s Prussian scholar Lisz proposed by the country -led industrialization thought，The theoretical cornerstone for economic nationalism。It is difficult for the agricultural countries with backward technology at that time to compete for markets with industrialized countries in free trade，It is easy to be reduced to a single economy that simply provides primary products with low value -added，Economic and nationalism has become ideological weapons for these countries to deal with international competition。In order to compete with the earliest industrial revolution in the UK，The United States and Germany in the 19th century，Japan at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century，The economic nationalist policy of the system has been promoted，Finally got rid of the backward position of the agricultural country，Completed industrialization and modernization transformation。After World War II，One aspect，Economic and nationalism is recognized and practiced in Asia -Africa, Latinopals developing countries，On the other hand，Trade protectionism、"Import Alternative" strategy、"Strategic Trade Policy" Bet365 lotto review and "Development Country" and other theoretical structures gradually mature，The theoretical core of economic nationalism。The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s，Drink of the pole structure，New Liberal Theory is popular，The United States actively builds an international multilateral trading system and a global governance structure，Globalization into the fast lane，Enter highlight time，Economic and nationalism is gradually left out by political elites of various countries。

　　Strategic competition in the country promotes the return of economic nationalism.The opposition and argument between economic nationalism and economic liberalism continued from the era of the 15-17 century enlightenment campaign，and alternately guiding the decision -making practice of political elites，Not only an important context that constitutes the history of economic thought，The evolution path and rhythm of the globalization process and the international strategic pattern are shaped。At a specific historical stage，Each country can get a share from the dividends of technological changes，Universal economic growth in the world，The international order is relatively stable。At this time，Geopolical competition will tend to be gentle，Decreased barriers for transnational flow of trade and investment，Globalization process acceleration，The concept of liberalism is easier to obtain elite recognition，and economic nationalism may be temporarily forgotten。But at other stages，The speed of technical change or its dividends cannot be balanced distributed，The financial crisis dragged the world economy into a state of continuous downturn，Wealth distribution within each country and the development speed between countries and countries are seriously imbalance。In this era，Geopolitics becomes the main mechanism to drive international relations，Originally stable international order tended to disintegrate，Strategic confrontation between the big country is becoming increasingly fierce，Delivery deceleration of multinational economic activities。At this time，Economic and nationalism is easier to obtain the favor of decision -making levels。Looking at history，Economic nationalism always maintains the same frequency resonance with geopolitical and strategic competition led by the power of power.，Maintain the backbone between the liberalization of the international economy and the stability of the international order。

1980s to early 20th century，The Second Industrial Revolution led to a serious imbalance between the comparison between the power between the major industrial power and the economic growth rate of the major industrial power in Europe，Frequently emerging banking crisis makes social contradictions within all countries more intensify，It also makes British constructed international order -based international order。In this background，The main industrial power of the European and American major industrial power adopts the economic nationalist policy represented by high tariffs，and exacerbated geopolitical competition with the goal of competing for colonies，Finally triggered the First World War。The late 1960s to the mid -1970s，The breakthrough of semiconductor technology opened the process of hollowization of the Western world industry，London speculative trend leads to the disintegration of the Breton Forest system。The energy crisis that appeared in 1973 was even worse，Throughout the 1970s, American society is regarded as "lost ten years"。The continuous depression of the economy，Change of the Siren Cold War of the United States and Soviet，Forced the United States to introduce "Nixonism"，Partially abandoned the intention of unilaterally dominated by the United States，another round of reorganization that triggered global geopolitics，At the same time, it also allows Western economic nationalist policies。The United States established the notorious trade protectionist stick in the 1974 Trade Act -Article 301 and Article 201; while Western Europe Bet365 app download established the "European Customs Alliance" in 1968，Build a unified trade barriers to the outside world。

Now，Global Power Reorganization has entered a critical stage since the 2008 international financial crisis，One aspect，Social contradictions within the West are increasingly intensified due to the gap between the rich and the poor and the ethnic contradictions，It has spawned the political movement of nationalism and populism，The concept and order of the new liberalism respected by traditional political elites encounter unprecedented questioning and challenges。On the other hand，With China's development，The power of the international strategic pattern comparisons new imbalances，Competition between China and the United States and Europe has become more intense，A new round of technological revolution represented by artificial intelligence has further exacerbated this competition。Under the pressure of the situation，The United States and Europe return to economic nationalism，Show another historical reincarnation under the promotion of the strategic competition of great powers。

　　"Delay" and "Strategic Autonomy" is the focus of the United States and Europe.After Trump came to power in 2017，Economic nationalism has become the basic intention of US economic policy and foreign strategy，Although the Biden government, who took office earlier this year, has partially revised some of Trump's more extreme practices，But it has not changed this strategic direction。The current core concept of American political elite and strategic research focuses on the "decourse"，Build a strategic competitive advantage for China。In the field of technology and industry，The Trump administration has introduced nearly 100 industrial policy documents，Invest a lot of resources，Support the United States in artificial intelligence、Information communication、Technology R & D and Industry Upgrade in the fields of new energy development，At the same time, try to obstruct the circulation of technological circulation between the United States and China; and the current US Congress is hotly discussed the text of the "Innovation and Competitive Act"，I plan to invest 250 billion US dollars in the future，Used to fund technological competition for China。In the field of trade，The United States launched a trade war against China and Europe at the same time in March 2018，Waving tariff stick to resist foreign products，High tariffs on China have not changed fundamentally。In the field of global governance，The Trump administration has bluntly stated that the WTO has "cannot adapt to the change of the times"，I plan to start another stove，Build the new international multilateral and bilateral free trade structure dominated by the United States; although the Bayeng government has not directly denied the WTO，But I also believe that the existing international multilateral trading system needs to accept structural reforms。

At the same time，EU and France、major European powers in Germany and other European countries are also taking new response strategies。EU leadership has gradually established a "European strategic autonomy" policy system since the beginning of 2020，Covering the industrial strategy、Trade policy、Financial architecture of the euro zone、The strategy of dealing with US -Europe relations and global governance ideas that enhance the status of European subjects，Repeated emphasis on establishing "economic sovereignty" and "technical sovereignty" independently controlled by the EU，It shows that European political elites are being promoted to implement the economic nationalist concept at the European regional level。

It can also be said，To a large extent，The uncertainty of the world economic change has promoted the return of economic nationalism。Therefore，Economic and nationalism is always accompanied by the strategic competition of global geopolitics and great powers，Synchronous undulating。Current United States、EU and some major European countries have competed to the policy system of economic nationalism，Based bet365 live casino games on industrial strategy，Covering technical monopoly、Trade protection、Investment review、Strategic Security、Economic Diplomacy and other aspects，Focus on concepts such as "decoupling" and "strategic autonomy"，Intent to gain advantages in the current strategic competition。The regression of this kind of economic nationalism，It will become an important shape factor in China's future external strategic environment。

　　(The author is the director of the EU Research Center of Shanghai Foreign Studies University、Visit researcher at the International Strategic Research Center of Shanghai Jiaotong University)