In world literature，Maybe few people like Gorky (1868-1936)，The evaluation of its people has experienced such a big change，Even after more than 80 years of his death，You can also see the collision and cross of different perspectives。but but，Research results with historical support and profound insights，Mainstream discourse that constitutes today's Gorky research，The representative results of them can be refreshing with unique insights。In the minds of readers of various countries，Gorky is always a classic writer who has been deeply respected。

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In the 1920th century,，Gorky entered the beginning of the literary world，When his "tramp novel" that penetrates fresh atmosphere shakes Russian literary world，Some critics have accused him of being keen to describe the "dirty world" described as the tooth out of society。but but，Tolstoy、Chekhov and other writers and critics，Then give Gorky’s early creation and commented on a realistic thing。For example，Chekhov discovered the "soft" sound quality and lyrical poet -like nature of Gorky's heart。1907，The publication of "Mother" brings a broad reputation to Gorky，symbolic critic Philosonev, accordingly, asserted "Golky's End"。Other commentators are tit -for -tat，I believe that Gorky has not "finished"，but just "start"。1908，symbolist writer Bai Lei pointed out，Gorky "Display through his" Repentance "，He is still good at insight into the soul of Russia "。The same year，Poet Berloc is affirmed，"Expressives of Russia can only be considered Gorky to a large extent"。These comments on Gorky's works on the comments of gorgeus，Betal has established his position in the history of literature。

After the October Revolution，Gorky has been siege from many aspects。The so -called "proletarian cultural school" theorist opposes Gorky's proposition to study at classical culture and literary heritage，The ability to attack; vulgar sociological critics discriminate against him as "small citizen artists"; "Lap" is classified as "fellow" writer (referring to those politically sympathized with the Soviet regime，But the writer who understands the nature and meaning bet365 live casino games of the revolution) is listed，Even saying that "more and more transmission and air prevention hole of all reactionary characters in Soviet literature"。At the same time，Lu Nauski、Volonsky and others in the Soviet Union，Ivitaya、Ho Dievic、Spring and other poets and critics are abroad，It is praised for Gorky and its works。Literary historian Slunim pointed out the statement of Golki negative Golki，"It's time to stop and constantly laugh at Gorky,"，Artist Gorky does not belong to any party，and belong to "the whole of thought、Russia of Civilization "。

The 1930s，With a certain degree of criticism with vulgar sociology，"Lap" scenery is no longer，The negative evaluation of the Soviet academic community has gradually disappeared，and start organizing the organizational and documents of Golki。but，Due to the implementation of the extreme "left" route and policy in the field of literature，Gorky and its works began to be deified。His novel "Mother" written nearly 30 years ago was called the foundation of the "creative method" of "socialist realism"，Critics even describe his work as the artistic expression of some revolutionary principles。This deity has caused many readers to have exclusion emotions for Gorky。After the mid -1950s，Converting with the social and cultural atmosphere，Some valuable new results have appeared in the study of Gorky，such、Ov Cangko's "The Literature Exploration of Gorky and the 20th Century", etc.。Many of these works discuss many aspects and problems that have not been known in the past in the past，Help people correct and deepen the understanding of him。Newly edited "Complete Works of Gorky · Literature Collection" (25 volumes，1968-1976)、"Literary Works of the same question" (11 volumes，1974-1982)，and a variety of literary history information，It provides a reliable foundation for the further scientific research of Gorky's research。

From the mid -1980s，The profound changes in the social and political life of the Soviet Union once again caused changes in the field of Gorky's research。The political theory "Unexpected Thought" published between 1917 and 1918 was banned 70 years later，Ovshalianke、Wain Buergu and other researchers pointed out this，The previous Gorky Research put the writer "closed in the narrow framework，Limit bet365 live casino games the whole human meaning of its works "，Profitting to interpret his epic work in the later period with a new perspective。Kos Jikov's relationship on the relationship between Gorky and Soviet leaders，Balanov and others' research on Gorky's peaceful works，also shows a new perspective。At the same time，Some intense negative reviews of Gorky，It also frequently appears in the newspapers of the last stage of the Soviet Union。For example，Corolod Nei's article "Two -headed Haiyan" believes，Gorky, a Haiyan, who once called the revolutionary storm，In his later years, it proves the correctness of the extremely "left" politics。This type of comment has been to complete the process of comprehensively negating Gorky。The Gorky Avatar on the head of Literature has quietly disappeared since May 1990，Become an obvious sign of this change。

　　The dominant trend of the contemporary academic community

The field of humanities research is not as frequently changing as the current situation，After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Gorky's research did not "fall down the wind"，Instead, it shows a firm protection of the Russian national cultural heritage，and the persistent effort to reveal the truth of the literary history that has long been artificially blocked for a long time。24 Volume "Complete Works of Gorky · News Collection" has been published 22 volumes。These letters for understanding Gorky's ideological development，and the relationship between Gorky and contemporary literature and Soviet leaders，With irreplaceable value。Series "Gorky: Data and Research" was published before the disintegration of the Soviet Union.、2 series，After disintegration, publishing 3-15 series。Each series of the series is composed of unpublished documents and two parts of today's researchers，Reveal from different perspectives to reveal Gorky’s social history view、Literature concept and unique personality，Especially Gorky's problem about Russia、Eastern and Western contradictions、The relationship between the nation and all human beings、Deep thinking on issues such as personality and culture，reveals his role in literature and social life in Russia's historical tragedy.。The international "Gorky Academic Report Meeting" held every two years，I can continue after the disintegration of the Soviet Union。Publishing bet365 live casino games the paper published after each report，Become a concentrated display of the latest achievements of gorgeos researchers in Russia and countries around the world。Participants can always ask some new questions、New point of view，For example, the theme report of the 2006 Report "The Creation of the Malaysia Gorky in the Silver Age Phenomenon"、The paper submitted by the 2008 Report "Is Gorky the founder of socialist realism? "wait。Late works of Gorky，Especially received the attention of researchers。All these shows the in -depth excavation of academic circles in the field of Gorky after the disintegration of the Soviet Union，Reflection on the many "conclusions" in previous research，and all research principles from historical facts。

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, there are also a variety of component research monographs。"Madar Gorky: Dialogue with History" (1994) in Stipiridova (1934-2022) focuses on studying Gorky's thoughts on Russia's historical fate。A series of important events in the Soviet social and political life are closely related to the author，In -depth discussion of the contradictions of the late thinking of Golki、Evolution and its reflection in the work，It is pointed out that after the death of the Soviet Communist Party after the death of Lenin, a debate on the future development of the country，Gorky also began to revise self -value。The mouth of the character of the work，twists and turns expressed their views on reality。Barlahoff's monograph "Maxim Golk" tragedy: root source、Conflict and Giant Change "(2004)，The ideological contradictions occurred when Golki faced a series of unreasonable problems in his later years.，turbulent in society、The context of the era of humanism crisis，Passing the relationship between Gorky and political leaders and literary circles，Discussion of the tragedy of Gorky as a painful self -knowledge and contradiction，Strive to reveal the essence of this tragedy and its wide range of broad range。

Starting from the 16th issue of the Journal of Literature in Russia，Gorky Avatar reappears after 14 years of "retreat"。Subsequent，Gorgeous statue once moved to Moscow Art Park was also re -stood in the Plaza of Belarus Station in the city，The inscription on the statue base "Commemorates the Great Russian writer Maxim Gorky" is still vivid。Bet365 app download As the research field in the field of Gorky，This "regression" is also a historical inevitable。

　Realty and deepening

"Maxim Gorky: thinker、Artist、People "(2022) is the last book published by Speiro Dongnova，It is also her summary work。The author has long been the director of Golki Literature Storage and Publishing Department of the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences during his lifetime，The results in the field of Gorky's research are quite abundant。In this new one，Relying on the first -hand file data she has fully mastered，In the macro background of the development of Russia and world literature from the silver era to the 1930s，Thoughts and creation of Gorky、Scientific review of literature and social activities，Strict criticism of some of the appraisal of some of the previous similarity about Gorky，Show Gorky as a thinker、The unique personality of artists and people and the original appearance，Shows the dominant intention of realistic and deepening of the research field of contemporary Russian academic circles。

Stipurodonova opens Mingyi in the preface entitled "We understand Gorky?"，pointed out that many evaluations of historical facts have appeared in the previous Gorky Studies，It must be clarified and corrected。She clearly outlines the development context of Gorky's thoughts and creation。Early works of Gorky，From romantic story、"Stray Man Novel" to "Song of Haiyan" and "Mother"，All show the passion of transforming life，Gorky has also been known as "Revolutionary Haiyan" since then。After the Revolution failed and completed "Mother" in 1905，Gorky's thoughts and creation shift to inspect the Russian national character、Discuss the road of national development，"Okrov Trilogy"、Autobiography Trilogy、"Rose Journey", "The Sherings of the Russian", "1922-1924 Short Story Collection" and other series of works。The political theory published by Gorky at the same time "Unsuristic Thoughts"、Essay "On Russian Farmers", etc.，Inheritance with these works。The Late Novel of Gorky's Life "The Life of Klim Samkin"，It is an epic work that explores the relationship between Russian history and the fate of intellectuals。So，The "first proletarian writer" and "the founder of socialist realism" such as "the first proletarian writer" and "the founder of socialist realism" during the Soviet Union bet365 Play online games period，Not only simplifies Gorky's works，and not all the facts。Stipiridonova pointed out，Late 19th Century，Zuora、Thomas Man、Jack London、Mark Twain and Xiao Bernab and other writers，A lot of works that have written "about workers and workers"，Therefore, Gorky is not "the first proletarian writer"。She also departed from the actual text of the Gorky's works，Research its creation shows the combination of realism and romanticism，At the same time, I accepted the artistic experience of modernist literature，It does not meet the so -called "socialist realism" standard。

Stipiridonova pointed out，Golki, who has a heavy inner contradiction, has to leave the motherland in the autumn of 1921，Long -term living in Saurent, Italy。1928、1929、1931、1932，Gorky stays in the Soviet Union for a few months every year，Finally returned home in May 1933。Letter of that period、Talk records and other historical documents display，Gorky, on the one hand, acknowledge the new achievements of the Soviet Union，On the one hand, doubt and criticism of the abnormal phenomenon in social and political life，strives to prevent the sharp "left" of the current policy prevent the current policy，And the people who are treated unfairly ran to mediate。Gorky published "Consumption of Energy" and "Still Those words" and other articles，For Piniak、Zhemiajing and other critical writers defense。The conflict between Golki attempts to reconcile the power of the power and the opposition，Very trying to protect the persecutor，and openly show alertness and anxiety about the "left" politics and personal worship。

Sipridonova's new work is also specially opened up，Re -interpretation of "The Life of Klim Samkin" as "Book of Century"。The past critics generally believed，The theme of this novel is the individualism of critical bourgeois intellectuals; Spiri Dongnova thinks，This work condenses Gorky about Russia's historical road、Deep thinking about the fate of intellectuals in historical transition periods and the relationship between the relationship between the two，thus becoming the art chronological history of intellectual spiritual life during the 40s of the 1970s and October Revolution。The thoughts and controversy caused by the heroine and the many images of the representatives of each class，Touch the road of national development、Bet365 app download Russian Revolution、Burshviism、Soviet reality、major and practical problems such as intellectual value positioning and dilemma choices。Gorky wrote "Klim Samkin's Life" in 5 years, 1-3，but failed to complete the 4th year of life。Unde -completeness of this great work，Undeads with the idea of ​​exploring the thinking of Golka mathematics each other。From the perspective of Stipuri Dongnova，Only at the new level of the development of human thought in the 21st century，Gorky's complicated and contradictory image as a classic writer will be scientifically evaluated。From a new perspective, she affirmed the modern significance of Gorky and his works。Of course，Gorky Studies in the Russian academic community have not ended for this，Because continuous research is not only the mission of academic advancement and cultural heritage，It is the needs of contemporary people who deeply understand history and reality。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Fund "Multi -Volume Russian Literature History" (17zda283) phased achievement)

(The author is a professor at the School of Arts of Nanjing Normal University、Director of Chinese Foreign Literature Society)