Lin Ganquan (1931-2017)，Fujian Shishi people，Born into a merchant family。Due to family decline，The family’s financial situation was not good after Lin Ganquan was born。My father moved here and there and borrowed money，Finally he finished Shishi Aiqun Primary School、Quanzhou County Middle School and Xiamen Yinghua High School，Completed teenage studies。Lin Ganquan read widely when he was a teenager，According to himself，Ignorantly accepted the ideological influence of traditional culture and the Russian revolutionary struggle，There is some pursuit of fairness and justice buried in his "thoughts、The seeds of resistance to the dark reality”。October 1947，Lin Ganquan joined the Xiamen Urban Industry Department of the Communist Party of China in high school，Actively participate in progressive activities。Summer 1948，As determined by the organization，He applied for Xiamen University。Being influenced by Guo Moruo before and after joining the party、Hou Wailu、Jian Bozan、The influence of the works of Lu Zhenyu and others，Lin Ganquan chose the Department of History。April 1949，Due to the impact of the Fujian Ministry of Urban Industry incident，Forced to interrupt studies，To Peking via Hong Kong。After arriving in Peking，Lin Ganquan continues to study at the First Department of North China University，After graduation，Assigned back to the Russian brigade of North China University in Beijing to study Russian。After the establishment of Renmin University of China，Lin Ganquan studies in the Department of Economics，Later transferred to the Publishing Department of the Research Department、Office work。Autumn 1953，Transferred to the Academic Affairs Office of Peking University，More than a month，Transferred to the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Served as Editor of the Editorial Department of "Bet365 app download Research"。1960 Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Sciences、After the merger of the two institutes，Transferred to work at the Institute of History。Served as deputy director successively、Director、Secretary of the branch party group、Party Secretary，Deputy Director of the Editing and Publishing Committee of Guo Moruo’s Works and Director of the Memorial Hall。2006，The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences established a division，Member of the Department of Literature, History and Philosophy。formerly seventh、Member of the Eighth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference，Member of the History Discipline Evaluation Group of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council，Member of the State Council Ancient Books Compilation and Publishing Planning Group，Member of the National Philosophy and Social Sciences History Discipline Planning Group，Director of the Chinese History Society、Members of the Presidium，President of China Qin and Han History Research Association、Consultants, etc.。October 25, 2017，Mr. Lin Ganquan passed away in Beijing。

Lin Ganquan is one of the outstanding representatives of Marxist historians trained in New China，His Bet365 app download research theory and practice occupy an important position in the history of contemporary Chinese history。

　Bet365 app download fields and academic achievements

In a Bet365 app download career of more than sixty years，Lin Ganquan is guided by Marxist Bet365 app download materialism，In ancient Chinese economic history、Political and Cultural History、In-depth thinking in many important fields such as Bet365 app download theory and Qin and Han history，Proposed many valuable and unique opinions，Outstanding achievements，Specifically manifested in the following aspects。

　　Explaining the Bet365 app download path of ancient China from the perspective of social and economic formation。Divide the development stages of human society based on the evolution of social and economic forms，Is the core of Bet365 app download materialism。Lin Ganquan focuses on the study of ancient Chinese social and economic history，Especially the economic history of Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties，Zeng edited "History of China's Feudal Land System" (Volume 1)、"General Economic History of China·Economic Volume of Qin and Han Dynasties"，Published many papers such as "Asia's Production Mode and Ancient Chinese Society" and "The Formation of Private Land Ownership in Ancient China"，Integrate Marxist Bet365 app download theory with Chinese Bet365 app download reality，Drawed out many innovative insights。First，Looking at the development path of ancient China from the perspective of Bet365 app download unity and diversity。Lin Ganquan always adheres to the Marxist social form theory，Believe that the development of human history has its own common laws，And expressed through the diversity of the Bet365 app download development of various peoples and countries，Ancient China also experienced the development stages of slave society and feudal society。But this pattern does not refer to the same pattern，It cannot be understood that all nations and countries must go through these two stages of social development。The social form of ancient China before the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties，It has the same characteristics as the Bet365 app download development of countries around the world，Also has its own characteristics，And evolved from land ownership form、Status of direct producer、Detailed explanations on national political system and other aspects。For example，He maintains that ancient China experienced the social form of slavery，Slaves in the Shang and Zhou dynasties were different from slaves in the classical form，But in terms of the way it is integrated with the means of production，But it has the characteristics of what Marx called "universal slavery"。Secondly，He combines the actual situation of Chinese history，Proposed unique insights into the issue of staging social forms。Lin Ganquan starts from the combination of theoretical analysis and empirical evidence，How to perform Bet365 app download staging、Asian Production Mode and Ancient Chinese Society、The name and reality of the concept of "feudalism"、Put your own opinions on the different forms of feudalism and other issues。He thinks，Historians have the academic freedom of Bet365 app download periodization，But Marxist historians advocate dividing Bet365 app download stages by changes in social and economic forms，That is, "Theory of Five Production Modes"，Divide different stages of Bet365 app download development by socioeconomic forms，Be able to reveal the essential characteristics of different eras more comprehensively and profoundly。He pointed out，Marx had proposed four modes of production in history during his lifetime，Plus the socialist society that Marx and Engels envisioned but never saw during their lifetimes，There are five production methods。He also used abundant evidence to prove，The five modes of production are not formulas created by Stalin。Based on the reality of the specific Bet365 app download development process，Lin Ganquan pointed out keenly，There is not only one mode of production in each Bet365 app download era，It may be that several production methods coexist，The question is based on the Marxist point of view，Find the dominant mode of production。In response to some people who think that the "original meaning" of "feudalism" is "feuding to establish a country" and "to establish a feudal lord and a vassal" in the early Western Zhou Dynasty，Departing from this "original meaning" and discussing the formation of feudal society is a "pan-feudal view"，It is the result of political interference，He made it clear that he “disagree” with this view。He opposes looking at the word "feudal" from an isolated point of view，Considering that “feudalism” in traditional literature is indeed “feudal state-building”，But the "feudal society" we are discussing does not just refer to a "political system"，But the socio-economic form。Whether feudal society existed in Chinese history and whether the word "feudal" can be used，The fundamental thing is to see whether the basic characteristics of the feudal social and economic form exist in Chinese history，We cannot just study the original meaning of the word "feudal" and apply the model of European feudal society。Similar discussions are also reflected in his discussion of Asia’s production methods and ancient China、Social transformation in ancient China、Lordship and Landlordism、Social changes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and many other aspects。final，Socioeconomic History Research。Lin Ganquan takes the Qin and Han Dynasties as an example，An in-depth reflection on the intrinsic relationship between natural economy and commodity economy in ancient China，And put forward many unique views on the characteristics and functions of China’s feudal economic structure。For example，He pointed out: “The combination of natural economy and commodity economy，The natural economy dominates，This is an important feature of China’s feudal social and economic structure。This combination is not a simple coexistence relationship，It is not only a unit of self-sufficient production in the feudal economy，There are also commercial production units，And it shows that the two economic operation forms of natural economy and commodity economy can complement and restrict each other。Whether it is a landlord economy or a peasant economy，The natural economy contains elements of the commodity economy，In the commodity economy，They all contain natural economic factors。”In China’s feudal society，Merchant capital is very active，Business is also quite prosperous，But because there is no corresponding development in commodity production，It is business that turns products into commodities，Rather than commodities forming business with their own movement。Therefore，The development of commodity economy has not destroyed the natural economy，On the contrary, it extends the life of the natural economy and feudal production mode。Many phenomena of China’s feudal social, economic and political life，All can be reasonably explained from this economic structure。

　　A profound summary Bet365 app download rich political and cultural heritage of ancient China.Lin Ganquan’s academic interests are not limited to socioeconomic history，His views on the ancient Chinese political system、Ethnic relations, ideological culture and its Bet365 app download value also put forward many creative insights。First，About the political system and ethnic relations of ancient countries。He thinks，In early China, there was no city-state democratic system like ancient Greece and Rome，Whether it is a kingdom or a vassal state，The government is basically a hierarchical monarchy，His rule has a strong patriarchal character。This Bet365 app download feature，It is one of the important factors that decided to establish the feudal authoritarian centralized state earlier in the Qin Dynasty，China’s feudal society only had the tradition of an enlightened autocratic monarch and people-oriented thinking，Lack of political conditions for a democratic republic。He further pointed out，Absolute monarchy as a superstructure，It is by no means an accidental Bet365 app download phenomenon，But it has a specific economic foundation and class foundation。Evaluation of feudal despotism in Chinese history，We must criticize，Need detailed analysis，Cannot deny it completely，It cannot be completely attributed to tyranny，Obliterate the positive role of authoritarian centralization in national unity and Bet365 app download development。He pointed out，Wittef's "Oriental Despotism" is not an academic work that truly studies Chinese history，It is a product that adapts to the needs of the United States’ anti-communist Cold War policy。After Qin and Han Dynasties，Despite many changes of dynasties，There have also been times of separatism and separatism，But national unity has always been the mainstream of Bet365 app download development。The reason why the concept of great unity is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people，It has its politics、The Bet365 app download background of economic and national psychology manifested as a certain cultural tradition。An important feature of ethnic relations in ancient China is，There are existing ethnic conflicts、National oppression and national war，There is another strong cohesion linking all ethnic groups together。National integration and assimilation with Han as the main body，Is the mainstream of ethnic relations，It is also an important chapter in the Bet365 app download development of the Chinese nation。Confucian cultural identity thought，It is of great significance to the Bet365 app download development of a unified multi-ethnic country and the formation of the cohesion of the Chinese nation。Secondly，On the relationship between political power and economic development。Lin Ganquan pointed out，The economic functions of China’s feudal authoritarian centralized state played a certain role in promoting the development of feudal social and economic development，And led to the emergence of some so-called "prosperous times" in history。But，If we don’t just focus on the rise and fall of feudal dynasties，Let’s explore this issue from the perspective of the development and changes of productivity and production relations，It’s not hard to find，The role of feudal countries in promoting economic development，It is not and cannot be beyond the scope allowed by economic conditions。Political power on economic development，It can also play a role in promoting，Can also play a destructive role，The destructive effect of China’s feudal authoritarian centralized state on economic development，Sometimes it is more effective than promotion。The long-term continuation of China’s feudal society，Dynasties come and go，Has a lot to do with this。final，About the political culture and academic thought of Qin and Han Dynasties。Lin Ganquan pointed out，From the overall view of Qin system or Qin government，Legalism was dominant in the Qin Dynasty，But this does not exclude the widespread influence of Confucianism on some officials (especially the six Eastern countries)。He also proposed，"Purity and inaction" in the early Han Dynasty is not a Taoist exclusive thought，In fact, this trend of thought is a reaction against Qin’s tyranny after the fall of Qin，It is a reflection of the social psychology that was quite common in the early Han Dynasty。From the perspective of the essence of "inaction" politics in the early Han Dynasty，At that time, Confucianism and Taoism had a consensus，We just have different opinions on the specific methods to use to stabilize society。

　Construct a Bet365 app download theoretical system with Chinese characteristics.Lin Ganquan on building Chinese characteristics、Chinese style、The Chinese-style Bet365 app download theory system attaches great importance to。First，He highly affirms the scientific nature of Bet365 app download materialism，Emphasizes that the construction of a Bet365 app download system with Chinese characteristics must adhere to Bet365 app download materialism。He said: "As a historian，I am willing to learn more about the Bet365 app download theories of the Western bourgeoisie，Make up for your lack of knowledge in this area。But we must also say，I still believe in Bet365 app download materialism。Because compared with other Bet365 app download theories，I think it is the most correct。" He emphasized many times，Bet365 app download materialism is a doctrine of open development，Always develop with the development of the times。Secondly，He highly affirms the achievements of Marxist history since the 20th century。He pointed out，First half of the 20th century，Modern empirical history is the mainstream of Chinese history，Second half of the 20th century，The mainstream of Chinese historiography is Marxist historiography。He disagrees with the attitude of some people who try to belittle the Bet365 app download achievements of the seventeen years since the founding of New China，Though there are many shortcomings and mistakes，But during these seventeen years，“The achievements made by our country’s history are huge”。As for Chinese history after reform and opening up，He used the title "History Full of Vitality in the New Era" to summarize。It is a profound insight into the development history of Chinese Marxist historiography，He believes that Bet365 app download materialism must develop，There is also a Chinese problem。He pointed out with confidence，We should have conditions today，Also obligated，Building a country under the guidance of Marxism、Based on the reality of Chinese history、A Bet365 app download theoretical system with Chinese style。

　　Rationally evaluate Bet365 app download trends and hot issues at home and abroad.Lin Ganquan is very concerned about Bet365 app download trends and hot issues at home and abroad，Some of his knowledge、Criticism and analysis demonstrate profound Bet365 app download skills and profound theoretical literacy。For example，"Confucius and 20th Century China" edited by him，Materialist dialectical summary and analysis of the two ideological trends of anti-Confucius and respect for Confucius in the 20th century，On the relationship between the New Culture Movement and traditional culture、The relationship between Confucius’ thought and civilization in the 21st century，Proposed a unique opinion。He pointed out，Confucius and Confucianism are the representative Bet365 app download heritage of Chinese civilization，We should cherish and inherit。But you must have a rational attitude，Cannot blindly praise the essence and the dross without distinction。Advocating the use of Confucianism to lead the construction of socialist spiritual civilization in our country，Even talk about how Confucian civilization can save the crisis of the decline of Western civilization，This is a non-historicist and erroneous argument。After reform and opening up，Many Western ideological trends and Bet365 app download perspectives have poured into China，Has a lot of influence on the field of Chinese history，Lin Ganquan is very concerned about this。He criticized Wittfocker’s “water-controlled society” and “Oriental despotism” views，Think this is a far-fetched and arbitrary fabrication of Chinese history。Since the reform and opening up，China’s economic development has made remarkable achievements。There is a Bet365 app download view in Western economic history circles that replaces "Eurocentric theory" with "Sinocentric theory"，Take Frank's "Silver Capital" as a typical example。Lin Ganquan pointed out，The views of Western scholars criticizing "Eurocentrism" deserve recognition，But Frank’s point of view is difficult to establish。The Chinese feudal dynasty once played a certain "central" role in East Asia，But before the new routes between Eurasia and the discovery of America，There is no "world economic system" including China。Before the Opium War，China’s economic and social development has obviously lagged behind Europe。Exaggerating the status of China’s feudal economy in world economic history，The reality is a theoretical trap。The examination of Chinese traditional culture is an issue that has received increasing attention since the 20th century，This cannot but touch upon the Bet365 app download status and role of the ancient intellectual class。Yu Yingshi’s book "Shi and Chinese Culture" had a great influence in China at that time。Lin Ganquan agrees with some of the insights in the book，But he also pointed out，Because the author has a special liking for Confucianism，Making him biased in his understanding of the Bet365 app download status and role of "shi" as an intellectual class，Even far from Bet365 app download reality；“Tao respects power” is actually a narcissistic complex among the intellectuals；The intellectual class represented by “scholars”，His political attitudes have been diversified from the beginning；The intellectual class in China’s feudal society in terms of its overall social status，It is attached to the feudal ruling class。

About hot issues in history，I also want to talk specifically about Lin Ganquan’s views on ancient Chinese civilization and the origin of the country。End of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century，The issue of ancient Chinese civilization and the origin of the country has once again attracted widespread attention。Lin Ganquan responded to this in his article "Several Hot Issues in the Study of Ancient Chinese History at the Turn of the Century"。He thinks，To explore the origin of Chinese civilization, we must first clarify the conceptual connotations of "civilization", "civilization elements" and "civilized era"，And value the understanding of the unity and diversity of elements of civilization。Thus he pointed out: “The materialized forms of civilization elements can express themselves in different ways，But it must reflect that the level of development of social productivity can provide sufficient surplus labor，To support a group of representatives of public authorities，And shows the existence of this kind of public authority that is divorced from society，These are all indispensable。"Lin Ganquan also used this as a path，Discussed the specific path of the origin of Chinese civilization and country。Today，The origin of civilization and countries is still a hot issue in the archaeological and Bet365 app download circles，Lin Ganquan emphasizes the difference between the emergence of civilization、Different concepts of elements of civilization and civilized society，And the unique path of the origin of ancient Chinese civilization and country，It still has important reference significance for the academic community。

　Bet365 app download methods and characteristics

Lin Ganquan is known for his academic expertise，But it comes from history，Good at discovering problems from common Bet365 app download materials，Make a unique explanation，Able to evaluate many Bet365 app download trends and perspectives，Don’t follow what others say，Thus enjoying a high reputation in the field of history。The achievement of his Bet365 app download achievements，Inseparable from his correct theoretical guidance and scientific academic methods。In summary，The main points are as follows。

　　Adhere to the guidance of Marxism，A dialectical look at the development path of Bet365 app download Marxist historiography。Most comrades who have come into contact with Lin Ganquan or read his works know this，He is a sincere believer in Marxism，This is not only reflected in his consistent Bet365 app download research practice，It is also reflected in his profound thinking on the relationship between Bet365 app download materialism and Bet365 app download research。In the article "I still believe in Bet365 app download materialism"，He pointed out: “In our socialist country，Bet365 app download research must be guided by Marxist theory，This should not be a problem。But why do some historians now adopt a cold attitude towards Marxist theory？In my opinion，The Cultural Revolution’s distortion and destruction of Marxism，The international communist movement suffered a huge setback，The penetration and impact of Western bourgeois ideology，They all have a certain relationship。As far as history itself is concerned，Our past understanding and application of Bet365 app download materialism，Influenced by ‘Left’ thinking，I’m afraid it’s also an important reason。Indifferent treatment of Marxist theory，It is a punishment for ‘left’ thinking。"He comprehensively analyzed the specific manifestations of the influence of "Left" thinking on history，But at the same time emphasize，These shortcomings and deficiencies are not the shortcomings and limitations of Bet365 app download materialism itself，This is precisely the result of our historians violating the basic requirements of Bet365 app download materialism。In the works of the founder of Bet365 app download materialism，There is simply no guide to sectarianism、The thoughts of dogmatism and formulaicism。He objectively evaluates the great achievements of Marxist historiography after the founding of New China，Resolutely oppose some people who wantonly belittle and obliterate the great achievements made by Chinese historiography under the guidance of Bet365 app download materialism before the "Cultural Revolution" without serious investigation and research。Based on this understanding，For decades，He insists on combining Marxist theory with Chinese Bet365 app download reality，On the research of Bet365 app download issues involved，Make an explanation that is consistent with Chinese Bet365 app download reality as much as possible。

　　Pay attention to the regular grasp of Bet365 app download research theories.On coming from history、combination of history and theory、Dialectical thinking，It is one of the characteristics of Lin Ganquan’s Bet365 app download research。He proposed a three-level theory of Bet365 app download research，That is, factual judgment、Cognitive judgment and value judgment。Factual judgment is the basis and starting point of Bet365 app download research，It is to solve the problem of the credibility of Bet365 app download materials and Bet365 app download facts，Empirical research basically uses formal logic methods，Only based on skill and no class distinction。Marxist historians need not be textual scholars，But his research work also needs to have as much real Bet365 app download data as possible，Cannot completely break away from empirical research。Cognitive judgment is the understanding and discussion of the causes and consequences of many Bet365 app download phenomena as well as Bet365 app download regularities，There will be differences between the idealistic view of history and the materialistic view of history。The study of Bet365 app download materialism is closer to the deep content of history。Value judgment is about various Bet365 app download events and characters、Judgment of the role played by various systems and ideological trends at that time and their impact on future generations，At this level，Both are Marxist historians，Or they are also non-Marxist historians，There may be different perceptions，Opinions are more personal。He advocates，Have different understandings of different levels of Bet365 app download research，All schools of thought can contend。

　　Attach importance to Bet365 app download research and put the past into the present.Lin Ganquan pointed out: "History is a science that connects reality and history。Not only the study of modern history is closely related to reality，Furthermore, the perspective and value judgment of ancient history research cannot be immune to the constraints of reality。Because of this，We do not believe that history can be divorced from reality and hide in the ivory tower，And advocates that history should serve reality。"He wrote "Split and Unification in Chinese History", "Differentiation between Yi and Xia and Cultural Identity", "Bet365 app download Heritage and Patriotism Education", "On the Critical Inheritance of Bet365 app download Civilization Heritage", etc.，These are Bet365 app download issues with strong realistic perspective。Many opinions in the above article，It still has strong practical guiding significance today。

　　Look at the academic achievements of Bet365 app download and modern times, both at home and abroad, with an open vision and an attitude of contention of a hundred schools of thought。In summarizing Chinese history in the 20th century，Lin Ganquan pointed out: “Each era has its own academics，Of course history should continue to make new developments as the times progress。We cannot always be complacent about China’s unique and rich Bet365 app download heritage，We cannot always comfort ourselves by thinking that foreigners are not as good as Chinese people in studying Chinese history。Chinese history should go global，It is not only necessary to draw nourishment from the latest achievements of foreign historiography，In addition, research methods and research methods need to keep up with the pace of development of contemporary science, technology, philosophy and social sciences。‘Tolerance and virtue are great’。All useful knowledge，We should all welcome and absorb，Keep our country’s history forever young and energetic。" But he emphasized: "Fundamentally speaking，We learn from foreign Bet365 app download theories and methods，Absorb all outstanding academic achievements from foreign countries，The purpose is to build Marxist history with Chinese characteristics。”Lin Ganquan strongly agrees with Mao Zedong’s policy of a hundred schools of thought contending。2016，In an interview with "Chinese History Research Trends", he said: "Bet365 app download phenomena are very complex，We should start the ‘contention of a hundred schools of thought’。"The one-sided way of thinking that pursues "every problem requires a result" and "all problems have a conclusion"，It is not in line with the policy of contention among a hundred schools of thought。

Lin Ganquan is a sincere Marxist，He not only implements the spirit of thorough dialectical materialism and Bet365 app download materialism in his research，Also reflect on the mistakes I have made in my research、In-depth reflection on mistakes and shortcomings。In "The Collected Works of Lin Ganquan" published in 2004，He discussed his previous discussions on historicism and class perspectives，Sorry for the criticism of Jian Lao (Jian Bozan)。In "Autobiography of Eighty Years"，He once again reviewed his accusations of being disrespectful to Mr. Jian，Reflects the "left" one-sidedness of his own thoughts。I believe，Not only will this not reduce Lin Ganquan’s academic status，But it shows that a Marxist historian is seeking truth from facts、Dare to correct your noble character。He said in his later years: “Use Marxist theory to guide Bet365 app download research，It is my firm belief。But I deeply feel that we must correctly grasp this scientific theory，Not an easy thing，I need to study hard all my life。"This sentence is an expression of his sincere belief in Marxism，It is his own summary of a lifetime of academic research，But the view that correctly grasping Marxist scientific theory is “not an easy thing”，It is worthy of encouragement from our historians in the new era。Today，We build three major systems of history with Chinese characteristics，Lin Ganquan is a scholar we must pay attention to and study。

　(The author is the director of the Institute of Ancient Bet365 app download, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、President of the Chinese Qin and Han Bet365 app download Research Association)