bet365 horse racing odds (1906-1992)，Born in You County, Hunan Province in June 1906。Named Shousheng at birth，Later named Nanguan。When the novel "The Prophet" was published in "Oriental Magazine" in 1931，Using the pen name bet365 horse racing odds，Always used since then。When I was young，Study "The Book of Songs" and "Zuo Zhuan" with his father。1921，Admitted to Changsha Changjun Middle School。1925，Admitted to Peking University Preparatory School。Began to get in touch with new literature while at Peking University，And initially accepted progressive revolutionary ideas，Joined the Communist Youth League in the winter of 1926，During this period, the study and composition of new literature also began，Join "Shen Zhongshe"。Summer 1927，Beijing is under high pressure from the Feng clique warlords，The revolutionary situation in the south is rising，bet365 horse racing odds dropped out of school and returned south，However, there is no organizational relationship。Depressed thoughts，Goed east to Japan in the autumn of 1929，Students in the Department of Philosophy Education, Tokyo Higher Normal School、Studying at the Department of Japanese Literature, Kyushu Imperial University。During Japan，Participated in the discussion of the Materialism Research Society，Read Marx、Engels’ theoretical articles on realism。Summer 1937，Completed with credits from Kyushu Imperial University，Come back to Peiping and join in the anti-enemy and national salvation activities。After 1939，Go to work in the Third Department of the Political Department of the Military Commission of the Chongqing National Government and the Cultural Work Committee。Later suspended due to political propaganda work，Transfer to literary theory research，Writing "New Art Theory" and "New Aesthetics"。After the Wannan Incident，bet365 horse racing odds expressed her request to join the party。September-October 1945，Proposed to join the party again。December of the same year，Approved by the party organization，Officially joined the Communist Party of China。Since 1946，bet365 horse racing odds is at Shanghai Daxia University、Hangzhou Art College、Department 2, North China University、Teaching at the Central Academy of Fine Arts。Later, "Lectures on the History of Chinese New Literature" was published based on the lecture notes on the New Literature Movement in the second department of North China University。October 1953，Transferred to the Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Sciences。This period，Participated in aesthetic discussions in response to Lu Ying's article in "Literary News"，Completed "Criticism of Idealism Aesthetics" in 1958，Complete "On the Problems of Realism" in 1959，In addition, he is the editor-in-chief of "Introduction to Literature", "Literary Theory Translation Series" and "Classical Literary Theory Translation Series"。After the 1980s，Except for rewriting "New Aesthetics"，The main focus is on promoting the development of Marxist aesthetics，Editing "Aesthetics Series" and popularizing aesthetic knowledge。

bet365 horse racing odds’s life ran through the most ups and downs of China in the 20th century。When he was a child，At the time of the Revolution of 1911。Youth，He was influenced by the May 4th New Culture Movement，Join the Communist Youth League，Then study in Japan。After the Japanese militarists launched a full-scale war of aggression against China，bet365 horse racing odds devoted herself to the national war of resistance led by the Communist Party of China。It is in the flames of national salvation，bet365 horse racing odds became a staunch communist and Marxist literary theorist，Marxism is his lifelong academic pursuit and life experience。

　Actively participate bet365 horse racing odds revolutionary cause

　1925，bet365 horse racing odds was admitted to Peking University Preparatory School。At that time，It was the decline of the May 4th New Culture Movement、A period when the new cultural camp is becoming divided。A large number of young students are influenced by Li Dazhao，Go out of school to promote Marxism，Join revolutionary activities。Affected by this atmosphere，bet365 horse racing odds and her classmates went to the workers’ night school near Peking University to promote it、Lecture。This is an important period in the formation of bet365 horse racing odds’s thoughts，From "old learning" to "new knowledge"。bet365 horse racing odds was inspired by her father when she was young，Familiar with old learning，One of his names, "Nanguan", is taken from the story of Chu people Zhongyi in "Zuo Zhuan"，"Prisoner of Chu，A gentleman。Speaking of his previous position，Don’t memorize the book；Lecao Tufeng，Don’t forget the past”，His character has always been hidden deep in bet365 horse racing odds’s heart，It is often revealed in his novels and poems。However，He is a new generation of scholars who was baptized by the May 4th New Culture Movement and Marxist thought。In the poem "Eighty Thoughts"，bet365 horse racing odds once recalled: "The old red building sixty years ago，Give me new knowledge and comfort my sorrow，Point me to a new path in life，Lifelong hard pursuit。”

　1927，Beijing is under the reactionary rule of Feng clique warlords，The revolution has reached a low ebb。Especially after the "April 28" tragedy，The situation worsens。bet365 horse racing odds dropped out of school and returned south，Detour to Tianjin、Shanghai to Wuhan，Try to find the party organization。When he arrived in Wuhan，The situation has changed，The revolution in Wuhan was also in crisis at that time。bet365 horse racing odds failed to contact the party organization，Had no choice but to return to my hometown in Hunan temporarily。June-July 1929 when he stayed in his hometown，The reactionaries in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces mobilized five regiments of troops，And gather in Pingjiang、Reactionary armed forces in Liuyang and other places，Launching a "reconciliation campaign" against the revolutionary base areas in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi，Massacre more than 30,000 revolutionary masses。This period，It is the difficult stage in the revolutionary base areas of Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi。While bet365 horse racing odds was teaching in her hometown，Arrested by local warlords as suspected communists。Later，There is a shadow of this experience in his novel "The Prophet"。This novel borrows from Bian He’s story，Since it was written that he could not understand and died in anger，He also uses many strokes to describe Bian He’s determination to remain firm and unswerving。The style and characters of this novel are reminiscent of the "Shen Zhong Society" that bet365 horse racing odds participated in in his early years。The first page of the first issue quoted Gissing’s famous line “I want to work，Until the day I die"。When Lu Xun evaluated the works of "Shen Zhongshe"，Once said: "Sing truth and beauty to lonely people"，But it is also a "heart-breaking song that has been ridden with sorrow and does not want to be expressed clearly"。This heartbreaking song is not sentimental、hesitant，But calm and enthusiastic，Therefore Lu Xun praised "Shen Zhongshe" as "China's most tenacious，The most honest，The group that struggled the longest”。Although the protagonist of the novel "Prophet" is melancholy，But not hesitant，This is from the author bet365 horse racing odds’s consciousness and introspection in the face of national worries。

Autumn 1929，bet365 horse racing odds travels east to Japan，Study at Tokyo Higher Normal School first，Later studied at Kyushu Imperial University。bet365 horse racing odds studies in Japan，It’s not that I avoided the study room because of the low ebb of the revolution，The "Biography of bet365 horse racing odds" once described bet365 horse racing odds during this period as "looking for an organization"，Looking for a revolutionary heart that will never die”。In the meantime，He was exposed to a large number of books on Marxist research and propaganda，Laid a solid foundation for subsequent theoretical research work。However，What bet365 horse racing odds always worries about is the survival of the nation。Summer 1937，He returned to Peking after completing his credits at Kyushu Imperial University。

With the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War，bet365 horse racing odds gave up looking for a job in academia，Put all your energy into some anti-enemy and national salvation activities in the cultural circles of Peiping。After the fall of Peiping，He arrived in Changsha、Wuhan，Assist Lu Zhenyu in organizing the Hunan Cultural Circle’s Anti-Enemy Support Association，Responsible for academic affairs。The Hunan Cultural Circle Anti-Enemy Support Association was the most active in Hunan in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War led by our party、The most influential popular anti-Japanese group。Early 1939，Because Xue Yue came to Hunan to replace Zhang Zhizhong，Insist on anti-communism、Combating progressive forces。As people in the cultural circles leave one after another，Hunan cultural circles’ Anti-Enemy Support Association and other national salvation groups were also disbanded。bet365 horse racing odds came to Chongqing with progressive cultural figures，Working in the Third Office of the Political Department of the Military Commission of the National Government。The third hall is under the leadership of the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party of China，The main job is to unite celebrities、Organize the masses、Propaganda to resist Japan and save the nation。Because bet365 horse racing odds once stayed in Japan，Know Japanese，So he was together with his classmate Yu Ruixi from Kyushu Imperial University，Assigned to write and edit politics、Cultural "Enemy Situation Research" booklet，Edit and organize important information from Japanese newspapers，Provide to superior department。simultaneously，They prepare anti-Japanese and anti-war leaflets and propaganda materials every month，And wrote an article on enemy situation analysis as requested by the magazine。Research on the Enemy Situation from the Hunan Cultural Circle’s Anti-Enemy Support Association to the Third Hall，In the two or three years after returning to China，bet365 horse racing odds is not engaged in professional research on aesthetics and literary theory。He later recalled，“At that time, I was thinking about resisting Japan，It can be said that we are going all out”。

　Constructing Marxist aesthetic bet365 horse racing odds

Early 1941，bet365 horse racing odds expressed her desire to join the party to the comrades in charge of the party organization，It was shortly after the Wannan Incident。Same choice as in 1927，The more the revolution is in crisis，bet365 horse racing odds is more firmly committed to revolutionary action。After the Wannan Incident，The Third Hall was forced to reorganize into the Cultural Work Committee，It is no longer possible to continue public political propaganda work in Chongqing。In order to adapt to the changes and development of the situation，Zhou Enlai proposed "people with research ability，Take advantage of this opportunity，Sit down and do some research，Seize the time to further educate yourself，In-depth study of several issues，If you want to write a book, write it as soon as possible”，“Wait until the revolution is victorious，There are so many things to do，Until then，Everyone is busier，You want to study the problem、Writing a book，It’s hard to find time！” ("Southern Bureau Party History Materials—Cultural Work" (6)，Chongqing Publishing House 1990 Edition) Therefore，bet365 horse racing odds no longer does "research on enemy situation"，But return to the field of literary theory research that I once focused on。He used the basic principles of Marxist philosophy learned while studying in Japan、Based on the theoretical elucidation in Engels’ realist articles，Written "New Art Theory" in 1942。Guo Moruo published the first chapter of the book "The Content and Form of Art" in the first issue of "Zhongyuan"，Then several other sections were published in the second issue under the title "Attributes Related to Art"，And personally recommended to the Commercial Press for publication。1944，bet365 horse racing odds completed "New Aesthetics"，The preface of the book begins: "The old aesthetics has completely exposed its contradictions，However, aesthetics is not untenable... This is a new system established with a new method。You don’t have nothing to contribute to the development of aesthetics。”Many years later，We can still feel the intensity while reading it，Living in plain words，Looking more determined。"New" here，referring to Marxism。Under the high political pressure in the Kuomintang-controlled areas at that time，The book title cannot directly use Marxism。"New Art Theory" had a great influence among young readers in the Kuomintang-controlled areas at that time，The painter Li Keran once invited bet365 horse racing odds to discuss with progressive students at the Chongqing National Art College where he taught，Because these students want to ask the author some questions in person after reading "New Art Theory"。The idea of ​​bet365 horse racing odds editing "Youth Knowledge" later came from this，Want to do something for young friends。

　For "New Art Theory"，Some researchers today believe that bet365 horse racing odds was influenced by the Japanese esthetician Amakasu Ishisuke，The emphasis of the review is on systematicity rather than originality，As for the book’s discussion of Marxism’s impact on literary theory、Revolutionary discussions in the field of aesthetics are rarely mentioned。The consistent stance of "New Art Theory" and "New Aesthetics" is to adhere to materialist epistemology，Materialism as the fundamental methodological guidance for aesthetic research。These two books are not only pioneering works in the academic sense，It should be understood as an important attempt and practice to use the basic theories of Marxism to carry out theoretical struggles。The preface to "New Aesthetics" puts forward a clear theoretical stance，This is often understood as criticism between different camps，That is, against the conceptual aesthetics represented by Zhu Guangqian。Actually，Such an interpretation does not fully appreciate the true state of bet365 horse racing odds’s theoretical thinking in the 1940s，There is an obvious difference between bet365 horse racing odds and his contemporary left-wing theorists: he rarely wrote literary criticism at that time，Did not directly intervene in some debates。

At the center of bet365 horse racing odds’s thinking，Not so much a criticism of the “old”，It is better to say that it is an exploration of the "new": what does Marxism mean？For the dilemma and solution of Chinese new literature，What does Marxism mean？He chose more profound and arduous theoretical thinking and theoretical struggle。The significance of this choice，We must grasp the development context of new literature。The revolutionary literary debate in the 1920s was important and groundbreaking，It expounds the class nature and revolutionary nature of literature，And led to Marxism、Translation introduction of Leninist literary theory。After the Revolutionary Literature Debate，Lu Xun and Feng Xuefeng presided over the translation and publication of Plekhanov's "On Art" and "Art and Social Life" and Lunacharsky's "On Art" and "The Social Basis of Art", etc.。This is not just an interest in knowledge，More realistic needs，The dilemma of revolutionary literature needs to be rectified in theory。Early 1930s，Although the establishment of the Chinese Left-wing Alliance gave the New Literature Movement a powerful organization，But there is not much depth in the construction of literary theory。The weakness in theoretical construction is most obvious in the debate on the "third type of man"，This dilemma also prompted the left-wing literary camp to think more consciously about the theoretical foundation of revolutionary literature。

The reason why materialist aesthetic concepts were able to develop rapidly in the left-wing theoretical circles in the 1930s，Closely related to the realistic need to save the nation from extinction。1937，Zhou Yang published "We need new aesthetics - an opinion and reflection on the debate between Liang Shiqiu and Zhu Guangqian on the "beauty of literature""，Proposed that "new aesthetics is no longer a study of abstract beauty，It should be pointed out that the requirement of beauty is not the final source of the work of art，itself，Just like a work of art，It is a product of historical society，This is the fundamental difference between new aesthetics and old aesthetics，This is the starting point for the farewell between the former and the latter"。Although this article does not discuss the characteristics of the new aesthetics in detail，There is no strict logical system and category system，But very firmly and consciously use Marxist epistemology to explain the issue of beauty。bet365 horse racing odds discusses the beauty of art in the last chapter of "New Art Theory"，Proposed "What is beauty?"？" and initially formed the idea that "the beauty of art lies in the typical example of art，The typical image of art is the typical image of beauty” “Beauty is typical，Typical is beautiful” and other arguments。The book "New Aesthetics" he wrote in 1944，is the earliest in China in the 20th century、Systematic、A monograph on materialist aesthetics。From 1937 to the advent of "New Art Theory" and "New Aesthetics"，China’s Marxist literary theory and Marxist aesthetics have reached a very high level in a relatively short period of time。

"New Art Theory" and "New Aesthetics" clearly use Marxist dialectical materialism as the fundamental method guidance for aesthetic research，Only based on this can we establish "scientific aesthetics"。This period，Left-wing literary theorists call for a "farewell" and "break" between the old and new aesthetics，Of course this is out of consideration for practical struggle，What is more important is to lay a solid theoretical foundation for the revolutionary literary movement，The rigor and thoroughness of theoretical thinking and the complexity of practical struggle are two different levels，No room for ambiguity。This thoroughness，Which is reflected in the basic issue of the relationship between material existence and subjective consciousness in philosophy, whether you are idealistic or materialistic。bet365 horse racing odds thinks，“The difference between materialism and idealism in aesthetics，Just like this distinction in philosophy，It is determined by the nature of aesthetic thought itself，It is never imposed on it by others。So this is the truth，It’s a matter of admitting or not admitting，Instead of moral preaching，It’s not a question of should or shouldn’t。Who wants to deny，Who wants to object，Nature has its freedom”。"New Art Theory" and "New Aesthetics" bring basic issues of philosophy into the fields of aesthetics and literary theory，Changed the way of discussing aesthetics dominated by literary psychology in the 1930s。This is a consistent and significant feature of bet365 horse racing odds’s aesthetic thinking，Start with the fundamental philosophical argument，Explain what philosophy is、What is aesthetic materialism and idealism? This big question of right and wrong。In the great discussion of aesthetics in the 1950s，The title of an article by bet365 horse racing odds is "On the Fundamental Differences between Materialism and Idealism in Aesthetics"。Looking at society with Marxist epistemology、Analyze artistic activities，Value objectivity，Beauty is an objective object of knowledge，In the end, artistic creation requires readers to see the essential laws behind the phenomenon，This also constitutes a characteristic of the course of Chinese aesthetics in the 20th century。Let’s not discuss the gains and losses in specific points for now，Just this big issue of right and wrong，bet365 horse racing odds’s aesthetic thoughts in Marxist aesthetics、It has historical merits in the development of Chinese aesthetics。

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Although bet365 horse racing odds is not directly involved in the theoretical debate，But he observed，The Marxist literary theory introduced in the 1930s generally only elaborated the fundamental laws of literary theory，Rarely involves practical issues of literature such as creative methods，And these are the real problems facing the left-wing literary movement。More importantly，Although the theoretical circles at that time had grasped Marxism、Basic concepts of Leninism，But how to combine these basic concepts with the specific reality of the Chinese revolution、It is still unclear how to apply it to China’s New Literature Movement。This is the main reason for sectarian bias and dogmatism in literary theory。bet365 horse racing odds when writing "New Art Theory"，Consciously strengthen the discussion of these issues。Some researchers compared "New Art Theory" with Soviet scholar Vinogradov's "New Literature Course"，I think the basic views of the two are consistent，But bet365 horse racing odds’s discussion of the problem is much more detailed。The detailed part is in the typical questions、World view, creative methods, realism issues, etc.。bet365 horse racing odds’s analysis of these issues does not copy the philosophical terms of materialism，But it presents new explanatory power with a new theoretical stance and approach。Therefore，Although "New Art Theory" has a clear ideological and cultural stance，But the literary theory constructed on the basis of this dialectical thinking，Compared with the previous literary theory from the humanistic standpoint or the early literary theory from the proletarian standpoint，Both are more inclusive and holistic。

bet365 horse racing odds’s theoretical work in the 1940s，Theoretical reflection on consciously connecting with the practical experience of Chinese revolutionary literature and art in the 20th century，This research path continued until the writing of "Introduction to Literature" in the 1960s。bet365 horse racing odds has many detailed analyzes of literary creation during the socialist period in "Introduction to Literature"。for example，His direction on how to understand literature and art from workers, peasants and soldiers、How to understand the relationship between inheritance and innovation、How to understand the theoretical issues raised in creative practice such as the combination of revolutionary realism and revolutionary romanticism，They all have incisive discussions。This is the uniqueness of bet365 horse racing odds’s theoretical work，It is also the proper meaning of the title of Marxist literary theory。bet365 horse racing odds also made another attempt，That is, the writing of literary history。After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War，He returned to Shanghai from Chongqing，Then arrived in the North China Liberated Area at the end of 1948，Teaching the History of New Literature in the Department of Chinese Literature, Department 2, North China University，On this basis, he wrote the "Speech on the History of New Literature in China"。bet365 horse racing odds said: "It is not a historical fact describing the general new literary history movement，Just examining a few issues in the history of new literature；But I want to pass these questions，To understand the general situation of the new literary movement。”“These questions” are respectively the relationship between the new literary movement and the revolutionary movement、The unity and struggle of the new literary movement、The spirit of neorealism、Popular tendency。A writer who often relies on literary history writing、Works、Ideology、Different genres, etc.，bet365 horse racing odds’s “These Questions” are the nodes of theoretical thinking。From the refining of "these questions"，We can see that bet365 horse racing odds has begun to try to get out of the topics and conceptual categories of Marxist literary theory，Coming out of the realist literary experience in the European context of the 18th and 19th centuries，Be more deeply rooted in the historicity of the development of Chinese new literature。Although the writing method of "Speeches on the New History of Chinese Literature" is literary history style，But historical materialism in the context of writing is also an important part of bet365 horse racing odds’s aesthetic thinking。

In conversation with students，bet365 horse racing odds talked about it many times，Study the history of aesthetics，The important thing is not to start from concepts or interpret it from Western aesthetics。Materialist aesthetics is not just an inversion of the basic philosophical position，But a comprehensive and systematic study of the creative experience of ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad、Summary of rules。After the 1980s，bet365 horse racing odds's energy is mainly focused on the rewriting of "New Aesthetics" and the interpretation and debate of Marx's manuscripts，Did not directly study the history of Chinese aesthetics。In "New Art Theory"，bet365 horse racing odds quoted more traditional Chinese literary theory、Related brushwork in painting theory、Tips、Related understanding of the laws of artistic creation，Compared with the more abstract analysis in the chapter "Understanding of Art"，The chapter "Artistic Expression" incorporates more of my own creative experience，The criticism of left-wing literary and artistic practices during the same period was also more obvious。In the writing of "Introduction to Literature"，He also consciously used Chinese literary theory as an important reference。An important background for the writing of "Introduction to Literature" was the Sino-Soviet debate in the 1960s，The domestic situation has shifted from "one-sided" to independent、Self-reliance。In this historical background，Editing university liberal arts textbooks including "Introduction to Literature"，Zhou Yang clearly put forward the call to establish a Chinese Marxist literary theory，“We must now follow the universal truth of Marxism，Looking back to summarize China’s literary and artistic heritage and literary experience since the May Fourth Movement，And then we can get our own Marxist theory from it - the theory of Sinicization"。This is a question Zhou Yang has been thinking about，In the context of the Sino-Soviet split，The efforts to adapt Marxist literary and artistic theory to China are more often seen as being separated from Soviet literature and art textbooks，Highlight national characteristics。In terms of the broad framework of "Introduction to Literature"，Composed of three major sections of Soviet textbooks (Essence of Literature、Work analysis and literary development) was transformed into five theories: essential theory、Work Theory、Creation Theory、Criticism of Appreciation and Development。Creation Theory，Especially critical connoisseurship，It is not found in Soviet textbooks，It is a summary from traditional Chinese literary theory and literary experience。

The aesthetics of materialist epistemology explored in bet365 horse racing odds、In the literary theory system，The study of the history of Chinese aesthetics has always been in a very important position。What needs special analysis is，bet365 horse racing odds’s emphasis on Chinese aesthetics and poetics，It is not because of the historical atmosphere in the 1960s that required highlighting national characteristics，It is more out of considerations of Marxist historical materialism。Traditional Chinese literary and artistic thought，Not just bet365 horse racing odds’s ideological resources，He is also the interlocutor who formed the materialistic thinking framework；And China’s literary and artistic practice and even political practice in the 20th century，Not just the historical background of bet365 horse racing odds’s theoretical thinking，Still the object of his thoughts。bet365 horse racing odds’s reflections on left-wing literary and artistic practice，And the resulting tension with fellow ideologues within the left camp，Not weaker than the debate with the literary theorists known as "liberalism" at the time。And traditional literary theory、These two levels of dialogue with new literature，Constitutes the basis for thinking about the "art creation process" in "New Art Theory"。The multiple clues presented in bet365 horse racing odds’s theoretical work remind us，We should not stick to the static understanding model of “classics” and “translation” of Marxist literary theory，But comprehensively、The "theoretical originality" of historically understanding the development of Chinese Marxist literary theory in the 20th century。

bet365 horse racing odds’s belief in Marxism，Not out of reading in the study，It is closely related to the revolution and salvation of the Chinese nation，The turmoil of the 20th century has always dominated bet365 horse racing odds’s life and academic choices。Summer 1977，He Qifang passed away due to illness。bet365 horse racing odds wrote in his mourning poem: "Going to Yan'an Revolutionary Township，Commit yourself to the party and the country and change into military uniform。About to draw a dream lyrical pen，As a people's weapon against the enemy。Forty years of diligent fighting，Endless efforts to write articles。Shang Yuxiu’s history and poetry selection，If this wish is not fulfilled, it will be hurt。”On many major issues in aesthetics and literary theory，Their views are not entirely consistent，But they have close contacts，Very deep feelings。This memorial poem briefly reviews He Qifang’s life，especially the starting point of the review in Yan'an，This is not only a memory of He Qifang，It also contains the understanding of the revolutionary path they jointly chose，That is a generation of poets who emerged from the flames of national salvation、Scholar、Warrior，Striving for it、Unwavering revolutionary。In this spiritual process，Even in his later years, bet365 horse racing odds still believed that aesthetic research should adhere to the basic principles of Marxism，Be realistic，"The study of aesthetics or literary theory，Directly related to the creation and criticism of literature and art，Directly related to the aesthetic education of the people’s spirit and the beautification of life，There is no doubt that it is an important department of culture and science”。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of bet365 horse racing odds, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)