American scientific historian、Scientific philosopher Thomas Samuel Kuhn in the book "Structure of the Scientific Revolution"，Put the concept of "paradigm" in a more vague language: "Their achievements are unprecedentedly attracting a group of firm supporters，Other competitive modes that make them get rid of other competition modes of scientific activities。At the same time，These achievements are enough to leave a problem for a group of practitioners who are re -composed of unlimitedly。All achievements with these two characteristics，I will call it a paradigm after I later。"Paradigm is a mode of scientific activities or scientific research，It is the rule that the scientific community complies with、Standard，Even beliefs，is a sign of mature in the scientific field，The scientific practice under the guidance of the paradigm is historic。Kain's scientific revolution view emphasizes the prelude to the paradigm，The conversion between paradigms indicates the occurrence of revolution，Therefore, the paradigm is an irrelevant。Although the term is widely used in the field of social sciences，But the paradigm theory's perception of the scientific revolution has been suffered by many scientists、Scientific historian、Criticism by scientific philosophers，The main reason or lies in the vagina of the paradigm concept。

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Margaret Masterman thinks，The usage of the Kuyan style has many ambiguity，She found out that Kain's definition of paradigms was as many as 21 species，They are mainly summarized as three categories: metaphysics、Sociology paradigm and artificial paradigm。She Bet365 app download thinks，In a sociological sense，Paradigma to a certain extent the function of lack of theoretical lack of alternatives。Another critic Dudley Shapere believes，paradigm covers too many factors in scientific development。It is difficult to see the income obtained by the concept of the paradigm，Therefore, we must question what the concept of the paradigm can get us，Whether these gains can be offset by the chaos it is accompanied by it。

Kun himself has tried to defend similar disputes。For example，His later uses "discipline mother" or "disciplinary matrix) instead of paradigm，and then define the usage of the paradigm through a comprehensive and local distinction。Local refers to a paradigm of various types，Comprehensive refers to the paradigm under the framework of the scientific community。But，Kun’s scientific community concept is also widely questioned。The common body is large and loose，It is difficult to play the function of the cause and effect。Does the scientific community enjoy a common "paradigm"，To what extent recognize sharing beliefs，and the so -called paradigm played a role，is very doubtful。For example，Memphor, the founder of genetics，Through many years of pea experiments found the rules of genetic separation and the rules of gene freedom combination，This was not valued by the scientific community at the time。The "belief" shared by the scientific community is difficult to achieve in terms of cognition and time.。

Perhaps，Kain wants to emphasize "historical integrity"，and the connection between science at the theoretical and practical level。On the one hand，Historical Elementary School emphasizes social factors、Historical factors and even the personal factors of scientists on science。As far as the imagination of astronomers is restrained，Non -astronomical factors and astronomy factors also play a role，So the Copenic Revolution Bet365 app download is not only a story about astronomers and sky。On the other hand，Practical factors cannot be ignored，The core of the paradigm is the practical example。Joseph Rouse also pays attention to the practical dimension in Kuro theory。He pointed out，Science is not just a web that happens to be used for the laboratory.，The realization of the concept and the realization of the materialization is the same。This overall reflects the motivation of Kun's use of paradigms: one，He is deeply influenced by the tradition of scientific editing from France;，The scientific image presented by his dissatisfaction with logic experience。

　The continuity and fracture of scientific development

It is generally considered，Paradigo theory cannot accept linearity、Cumulative scientific progress view。If the new paradigm contains the old paradigm to some extent，Then it will logically implies obscurity and relativism。So，Kun thinks，Between paradigm is an irresistible。Ironics are，Kun as a historian，The theory of the most lack of historicism is the concept of paradigm。This concept of scientific revolution violates the principles of historicalism。No doubt，The new paradigm cannot solve all the problems that the old paradigm can solve，In this sense，The new paradigm cannot completely replace the old paradigm。Kain's scientific revolutionary theory has a part of self -contradiction。Steven Weinberg pointed out，The theory of the scientific revolution cycle itself is very disturbing，To what extent it meets our understanding of the history of science，Is worth doubt。

Inconsistent contrast between the old and new paradigms，Explain that the cognition of scientists has produced a leap -up structural change。Conventional science paradigm and new paradigm are irrebstable，that is, the new paradigm and the old paradigm are the splitting in a complete sense。Kun pointed out，bet365 best casino games "The conversion between the competitive paradigms is impossible (the promotion of logic and neutral experience) is gradually completed。Just like the format tower conversion，It either must change the whole place immediately，Either it does not change at all "。This view is a bit extreme，It has no way to reasonably explain the new and old in the paradigm conversion (theory、Method、belief, etc.) continuity problems。The positive significance of the Cuen scientific revolution view lies in，Discussion of scientific rationality was introduced into another stage，It is not a common knowledge principle beyond history，Instead of understanding in scientific practice and historical conditions。When the scientific revolution occurs，Cognition of scientists needs to be re -training，The reason is the change of environmental and conventional scientific traditions。But，Regardless of the proposal of the concept of irregularities，Still from Kun himself, it is judged by the tireless explanation of its criticism，Inconsistently failed to solve the theoretical self -consistent problem。The reason why the scourge is unpopular and difficult to consonant，It is not difficult to find，It failed to handle the relationship between new and old，or goes too extreme to settle in the concept of revolution。

Therefore，Kun's attitude towards the revolution is a bit confusing from beginning to end。He has corrected the proposition of the scientific revolution and unpopularity in the late stage，Began to talk about "Developmental Episodes"，instead of revolution。Brief words，Scientific and professional process is the process of species formation，Scientific progress has exacerbated the obstacles of communication。Obviously，Kain's late stages of irresponsibility to shift to refinement of discipline differentiation，Leading Bet365 app download the barriers between professional。Facing many incompetent blame，Kain has always tried to respond to this part of criticism。Unfortunately，He failed to complete this part。But，From James Conant and John Haugland's sorting of the manuscripts of Kun，It can be found that Kun amended the intensive intensive intention。The so -called duck in the eyes of the so -called revolutionary scientist to the rabbit in the eyes of scientists after the revolution，Maybe the graphics given by the two are incomplete，All are just one side of the full picture。The principle of complementation of Bohr brings a new perspective for understanding the irresponsibleness。It reflects the continuity of the new and old theory in the scientific revolution is also a common phenomenon。

When Kuru talks about his so -called scientific revolution，Scientific theory in the conventional scientific system、Method，The strategy that conforms to the scientific progress mode in its concept failed。Its overall scientific revolution model cannot explain the wonderful ideas and operation methods of scientists in a particular research field，This has exacerbated Kun's confusion。In the judgment of the scientific revolution，This failure to some extent how to effectively explain the continuity and fracture problems between the old and new and old behind revolutionary changes.。For example，The theory of general relativity retains the classic material concept to some extent，Quantum theory retains the classic view of time and space。From this perspective，The new and old paradigms are accessible or partially available，The basic assumptions of some body theory are still shared by the old and new theories。Kun's scientific revolution mode，Perhaps it is a less successful exploration。As he himself said: Those who have been paying attention to me may want to know how the valuable cause I described as a science，and repeatedly generate Bet365 app download strong prediction and control capabilities。Unfortunate is，For this question，I have no answer at all。

　Scientific Revolution:Unification of continuity and fracture

Kain early recognized the continuity of the scientific revolution。For example，He pointed out in the book "Copernicus Revolution -Planetary Astronomy in Western Thought"，"The Theory of Astronomy" can be used as a starting point for astronomy and the new tradition of cosmic theory，can also be used as the peak of the old tradition，"The major changes in the basic concepts of science are gradually happening"。This is quite different from his views in the "Structure of the Scientific Revolution" in the later period。Helpless is，His understanding of the concept of revolution is more extreme，so that I can't tell myself in the end。Cuen's inconsistencies，It also reflects the transformation and contradictions contained in its revolutionary outlook from another level。

In short，The understanding of the revolution should not be simple、One -sided。Revolution that occurs in the scientific field，or Technology、Economy、Politics、Society、Revolution in the fields of industry，It is a unity of continuity and brokenness。One，Revolution has continuous features，or cyclicity、Standardized exercise。The rule of new things is not overnight，Instead, it takes a certain period of precipitation to accumulate forces。Similarly，The failure of the old thing is not an instant。New and old wrestling does not represent the complete replacement of new things for new things，There is continuity between new and old。Its two，Revolution has broken characteristics，Is deep、is ongoing、The power of change。Say in Kuyn's words，is the "turning point" on the road to the road，A structural influence was generated。The reason why it emphasizes it is ongoing，It is because the revolution is common bet365 best casino games rather than the timeline，Not as simple as replacement in an absolute sense。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund (special research class research) project "The contemporary connotation of Marxist science and technology view and its teaching application research" (20VSZ126) phase -based results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China、Tsinghua University China Science and Technology Policy Research Center)