Nearly ten years，Experimental mobile bet365 has risen rapidly and become a new hot topic in the domestic mobile bet365 community。Among them，Many scholars are "ecstatic" about this，So boldly asserted that "experimental mobile bet365 heralds a new philosophical change"，Or claim that "philosophical experiment is becoming a new method that affects the direction of contemporary mobile bet365"。They basically all think that，Experimental mobile bet365 is a new way of doing mobile bet365 that is obviously different from traditional mobile bet365。Hidden behind this view is the premise that traditional mobile bet365 is armchair mobile bet365，In addition to philosophical arguments and conceptual speculation，Does not involve any experimental methods to test philosophical claims。This view ignores the complexity and richness of mobile bet365 itself。This article intends to argue that experimental mobile bet365 is not a new mobile bet365 from the perspective of the history of mobile bet365，It has always been an important part of traditional mobile bet365。

　Broad understanding of experimental mobile bet365

The current academic circles are basically accustomed to trace experimental mobile bet365 back to Nobel (J. Knobe）、Nichols(S. Nichols) and Stick (S. Stich) and other scholars’ related research。These studies are particularly noticeable in the early 21st century，They mainly study ordinary people’s intuitive judgments about philosophical propositions or philosophical cases through questionnaire surveys，In order to obtain a folk understanding that is different from the intuition of philosophers，And then obtain philosophical inspiration for related propositions。At the same time，This experimental method can also be used to study the psychological models and cognitive mechanisms by which people generate relevant intuitions。The latter led Nobel to directly classify experimental mobile bet365 as cognitive science。It is easy to mistakenly think that all experimental mobile bet365 belongs to the research field of "cognitive science"。In fact，Much experimental mobile bet365 research has little to do with cognitive science。

However，This is a rather narrow experimental mobile bet365。In a broad sense，Experimental mobile bet365 is not a field of research，Opposite，It should be properly understood as a philosophical method，A way of doing mobile bet365，Whatever the subject or field。Experimental mobile bet365 mainly uses experimental methods to clarify or help answer philosophical questions。In other words，Experimental philosophers have a basic methodological commitment—the commitment of empiricism。It neither specifies what these experimental methods are，It also does not stipulate what the philosophical purpose of the research must be。Therefore，It is not limited to the method used in current experimental mobile bet365-questionnaire method，Nor is it limited to studying people’s intuition，Not to mention people’s intuitions about philosophical thought experiments。For example，Except for the questionnaire method，Qualitative interviews have also recently been developed、Computer simulation、Other new methods such as corpus analysis。But the expansion of methods has not changed the standard image of experimental mobile bet365: experimental mobile bet365 is the empirical study of intuitions about philosophical cases。Only back to the history of mobile bet365，To discover the long tradition of experimental mobile bet365，Thus completely changing the current stereotype。

　Aristotle’s Experimental mobile bet365

Experimental mobile bet365 can be traced back to ancient Greece，There were philosophers at that time seeking systematic empirical evidence，To achieve philosophical purposes。Aristotle provides a quite obvious example。This ancient philosopher based his philosophical studies on systematic empirical investigations，Make philosophical conclusions。Darwin once wrote in a letter to a friend: "Linnaeus and Cuvier have always been my two gods...but they are just primary school students in the eyes of Aristotle。”This sentence helps remind us of Aristotle’s great achievements in biology。In fact，About one-fifth of Aristotle’s extant writings are related to biology，impressive knowledge of over 500 natural species。Obviously，These biological works and related knowledge need to rely on systematic empirical research。However，Aristotle did not leave us too many detailed research descriptions，Such as detailed records of experimental studies。But we still have enough evidence that he did rely on animal dissection，And beekeepers、Testimonies of fishermen and divers closely related to animals。Therefore，It can be said that Aristotle is a great experimental philosopher。

But someone may object: We do not know what is the substantive connection between Aristotle’s biological research and his philosophical exploration；Maybe he's just a polymath - sometimes wearing a biologist's hat，Sometimes wearing a philosopher's hat (and many other hats)。The problem with this rebuttal is，It fails to capture the close connection between Aristotle’s biological studies and his philosophical thought，So much so that there is such a blurred distinction。In fact，There is a profound connection between Aristotle’s biology and his mobile bet365。Grenny(M.Grene) and Dipper (D. Depew) rightly points out: "Without seeing that his (Aristotle's) core philosophical questions are closely related to his biological interests，It is difficult for one person to understand his works。”Lennox(J. Lennox) also believes: "There is an important connection between the theoretical approach to the relationship between body and soul defended in the De Anima and Aristotle's unique way of studying animals。” Therefore，Aristotle’s method of engaging in and relying on systematic biological research to draw philosophical conclusions，Belongs entirely to the category of experimental mobile bet365。

　Early modern experimental mobile bet365

In the early modern period，Especially in the mid-17th century，Experimental methods really began to flourish in Western mobile bet365。The so-called "early modern experimental mobile bet365"，Like contemporary experimental mobile bet365，is a broad movement that avoids speculative philosophical inquiry，Especially in the field of natural mobile bet365。It emphasizes that any natural mobile bet365 that is not based on observation and experiment is invalid，In particular, "hypotheses" formed without appeal to experience should be rejected，Because they are the historical roots of fallacy。The powerful control these studies exert on metaphysics，Ultimately affecting medicine、Moral mobile bet365 and aesthetics。Same as early modern experimental mobile bet365，An important factor behind the contemporary revival of experimental mobile bet365 is dissatisfaction with the accidental appeals to philosophers' own intuition，These intuitions are often thought to be widely shared，and is considered highly reliable。But there are important differences between the two。On the one hand，The ambitions of early experimental mobile bet365 were even greater，Attempts to see itself as a universal method of studying nature，The attitude of contemporary experimental mobile bet365 is more moderate，Focus on people’s intuitive understanding of various philosophical propositions。On the other hand，Early experimental mobile bet365 generally believed that experimental mobile bet365 should be guided by Bacon’s empirical methods，But with the deepening of scientific understanding and the increasing complexity of scientific methods，Experiments are becoming more specialized。This makes contemporary experimental mobile bet365 a complex one、Powerful and tested methodological practice principles，At the same time, you can also draw on various established scientific knowledge。

Descartes is often portrayed as an armchair philosopher of this period，But he is also an mobile bet365 philosopher。If we only focus on Descartes’ method of contemplation and general skepticism，One might think he is anti-experimentalist，Because its method excludes any empirical basis for knowledge。But in fact，Descartes’ experiments and scientific work are an important part of his philosophical research。In "Optics"，In the process of Descartes’ explanation of visual perception，Just used mobile bet365 methods。For example，Descartes thinks，Although the mental image does not have to resemble the thing perceived，But they still imprint a very perfect image on the back of our eyes。To prove this，He then described in detail the dissection of the eyes of the recently deceased，Or the process of dissecting the eyes of cattle and other large animals。Descartes thinks，This type of experiment played a key role in elucidating vision，Become part of its philosophical treatment of perception。

　　The brief silence and contemporary revival of experimental mobile bet365

Since the end of the 19th century，Experimental mobile bet365 begins to experience a brief silence。There are at least two reasons for this phenomenon: on the one hand，Looking at the history of mobile bet365 since modern times，As science continues to break away from the matrix of mobile bet365 and gradually moves toward specialization，The field for using experimental methods in mobile bet365 becomes increasingly narrow。On the other hand，The rise of analytical mobile bet365，Also prompts philosophers to eliminate any remaining empirical work from mainstream mobile bet365。Although some philosophers (such as Peirce、James、Bergson and others) used experimental methods to make progress in the emerging psychology，But the overwhelming influence of analytic mobile bet365 has caused most philosophers to turn their attention to language、Ontology and mathematical foundations。Therefore，Compared to empirical or experimental methods，Conceptual analysis and formal reasoning methods occupy the mainstream of mobile bet365。It can be said，This influence continues to the present day。But it is important to realize，Empirical work never completely disappeared from mobile bet365。In addition to the psychology mentioned above，Philosophical research is still full of many unnoticed experimental activities。Many philosophers conduct experimental inquiries into various philosophical topics，Including aesthetics、Belief and knowledge、Happiness、Logic、Memory and the longitudinal effects of teaching moral arguments to students，etc.。

The label "experimental mobile bet365" was almost forgotten throughout the 20th century，Until the beginning of the 21st century，A new group of researchers is beginning to re-accept the term，But little is known about its previous uses and traditions。The new experimental mobile bet365 was mainly led by Nobel、Initiated by several seminal papers by Nichols, Stick and others，His research topics include cross-cultural differences in cognitive intuition、Intentional intuition introducing side effects、Intuition of free will, etc.，Thus forming a unique field of current philosophical research，Aroused the attention and participation of many scholars。But we should not perpetuate this forgetfulness，Nor should we understand experimental mobile bet365 in a narrow sense；Opposite，We should admit that contemporary experimental mobile bet365 is not a new mobile bet365。

　(mobile bet365 article is the result of the 2022 Top-notch Innovative Talent Cultivation Funding Plan of Renmin University of China)

(Author’s affiliation: School of mobile bet365, Renmin University of China)