"Ai Mi Er" is another masterpiece after Rousseau's "On Science and Art", "On the Origin and Basic of Human inequality" and "Social Contract theory"。In this work，Rousseau takes an imaginary educational object Ai'er as an example，Show a complete set of natural education solutions to readers。The question is，Can I simply equate "Aiya" as an educational work? Actually，The author has repeatedly stressed the continuity and unity of the book and other works，As he said in the letter to Bishimon Bishimon: "Once a writer clarifies his view on a question，He can tell the arguments he told in the process of explaining his views。Because his book is explained each other、confirmed by each other。If his method is proper，His last book includes all the contents of the previous works.。"" According to this statement，"Ai Er" is the salvation recipe for Roussee to be given the root cause of human beings and the reasons for human society to be greedy and degenerate.。So，It must be combined with Rousseau's educational thought with its political claims，Only to truly understand the political philosophy of Rousseau's natural educational thoughts。

Since Greece since ancient times，Western classical education often places education between nature and politics，enable it to play a role on the premise of nature and politics，Rousseau's educational thought is also operating at this level。We know，Rousseau's cornerstone of the entire political theoretical system is the concept of "public meaning"。First，"Public will" has integrity，It is not the sum of the bet365 best casino games simple superposition of individual will，Instead, all members of the political community based on social contracts have the overall will。Second，"Public will" is universal，It is suitable for all members of all political community，It is a law with universal force。Last，"Public will" has morality，It substantially represents "public good"。As Rousseau said，"Public will always be fair，Forever with public welfare as the purpose "。Rousseau thinks，The reason why human society is inequality and slavery，Mainly due to people chasing private desires and interests，Lack of ethical care for public life。So，He hopes to use the "public will" to restrain the special will to chase private interests，So as to solve social inequality and moral crisis issues。But，In reality，The road to realizing public will be difficult，It is necessary to face a series of "public intent" problems。such as，The formation of "public intention" is the result of all members of the community participating in politics as equal.，But common political participation may not guarantee that the final result is in line with "public meaning"。The reason is，People are physical、Talent and other natural talent differences，Leading people in wealth、Social identity and lifestyle exist in different types，This makes everyone a special individual，Their practical rationality will always tend to safeguard their own special interests，and often lack sufficient cognition and concern for public well -being。

The problem of "public will" reflects the unavoidable contradictions facing modern society，Special individuals and universal communities、The contradiction between individual private interest and public good。Facing this contradiction， bet365 live casino games Political philosophers since modern times gave different answers。Rousseau thinks，The reason why humans move towards corruption and corruption，Become a selfish person，It is precisely caused by the "human" system。So，His hopes to realize the "public meaning" through the transition of people's deep will concepts。The key to changing the concept of will is to reasonably eliminate the independence and freedom of individual will and obey the contradiction of "public will"。The question lies in，How to achieve this? Rousseau thinks，The foundation of citizens voluntarily obeying the "public" is not the obligation to the sacred nature law，or utilitarian rational calculation，and can only be citizens' moral conscience and moral self -discipline。Therefore，The plan he gives is to restore human good nature through education，Stimulates everyone's sense of belonging and recognition of the political community，Make everyone a "virtue" citizen，Therefore, the opposition between individual selfish desire and public responsibility，Finally realize the real "public intention"。It is in this sense，Brum calls Rousseau's educational thought as a constructive activity，It sets up a bridge that communicates individual will and "public will"。

Rousseau attaches importance to education，closely related to his entire political logic architecture。In his opinion，The highest rule of a country is in the hands of soverers。The so -called sovereignty，All people combined with social contracts。Each individual is a member of the sovereign、A participant。This can be seen，Rousseau's political architecture is a politics that depends on the extensive participation of the people，and the more a political system rely on the extensive participation of citizens，Bet365 app download The more you need to pay attention to the civilized literacy and spiritual character of citizens，The more you need to pay attention to the education of citizens。So in the eyes of Rousseau，"Education is the most important major event in the country"。But，Education emphasized by Rousseau is not moral preaching and ethical education from the outside to the inside.，Instead, it is a purpose for restoring the nature of human inner goodness，Education of realizing the consciousness and self -discipline of the main body。In Rousseau's view，As far as it is concerned，Human natural nature does not have the characteristics of anti -society，Just because of adverse social education，Talents have gone to the opposite side of society。There is no conflict between the natural nature of a person and the public interest of the society，Being a kind person and becoming a citizen with a public virtue do not conflict; on the contrary，Having a free and independent personality and kindness, it is precisely to become a public virtue、The prerequisite for citizens who are willing to realize "public will"。Therefore，The task of Rousseau Natural Education Thought is to cultivate children into a free and independent moral person in accordance with the natural evolution of human nature。

Rousseau thinks，Human natural nature contains two levels of content: First, basic human nature，The second is the natural emotion。Basic human nature is the reason why people are different from the essential specified of animals，It contains two aspects: the freedom of human will and the perfectionability of people。The nature of the person's will and freedom makes people maintain independence and autonomy in natural state，No other person，No one else can slavery him。Just with the development of society，bet365 best casino games Unemosis between people is pulled up，Makes people more and more dependent on others' state，The relationship between all "rule" and "slavery" in society。Therefore，Rousseau regards the cultivation of free will as the primary basic principle of educating children，The method is to "give children more freedom，Left them to develop the idea of ​​driving others，Let them do more，Less others to do things for them "。This education is for children to grow into citizens in the future，Being able to participate in the "public intent" with independent will。Because in Rousseau's view，Since the formation of politically "public" is the result of free action by individuals who work together through their own efforts，If the will of the individual cannot be independent，Attached to others or slavered by others，It is impossible to guarantee the justice of "public will"。The perfectness of people is both a manifestation of human freedom，It is the provision of freedom of human beings。In Rousseau's view，There is an immature side of the free will in the natural state，There is the potential to develop higher levels of development。This actually means，Rousseau hopes to pursue progress based on human nature，Realize the freedom of natural persons to the freedom of the freedom of natural people to a higher level of moral person。The perfectionability of a person provides possibilities for the implementation of Rousseau's natural education plan。As Cassier pointed out: "Only through this talent instead of the help and rescue of God，Human beings will finally get freedom and master their own destiny。”

Rousseau divides human natural emotions into self -love and compassion。Self -love refers to everyone's concern for their own survival，This kind of self -love does not hinder bet365 Play online games the survival of others，Under the promotion of self -love, people are also willing to acknowledge the needs of others for survival; pity refers to "people are born with a kind of disgusting psychology that they are unwilling to suffer"，"It can ease everyone who only knows to care for their own love，This helps to save the entire human beings "。Self -love and compassion together constitute the inherent moral conscience of human beings。In natural state，People are full of self -love and compassion，There is no slavery and rule between people。But to human society，For various reasons，Other powerful passion suppress the most original natural emotions of human beings，Especially the vanity of vanity、shame and envy，People become more and more vanity、Self -negative and greedy，No longer concerned between people，Instead of becoming selfish、Monois is Figure。Rousseau thinks，Changes in human natural emotions，In particular, the weakening of self -love and compassion is the first step for human abyss。So，Rousseau's natural education ideology is to avoid the impact of natural emotions on human environment，Protect the self -love and compassion in human nature，and self -love and compassion are exactly what people are willing to dedicate themselves to public interests、Agree with the emotional basis of "public intention"。

Rousseau's natural education thought is actually a kind of political teachings，It is essentially the way to realize the "public meaning"。The formation of "public intention" is the result of the joint participation of all members of the political community，This is a democratic process。Education to realize the self -shaping of the subject，Let every democratic participant can consciously and rationally bet365 best casino games aware of your independent personality and moral conscience，is the prerequisite for realizing democracy，This is also the political philosophy of Rousseau's natural educational thoughts。

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(Author Unit: Chinese University of Geosciences (Wuhan) Marxist College)