In recent years，Emotion is regarded as an important factor in shaping history and culture，Historical research faces the trend of "bet365 bonus code pa turn"。When reviewing history in the early 21st century, Eagles and others clearly pointed out that "exploring the role of emotion in history" has constituted one of the trends and focuses of historical writing。Comes with the history of emotions，Thinking about its research methods and writing methods。

Expand the scope of data collection。Traditional historical research attaches great importance to documents, archives and other materials，Emphasize the importance of objective historical data，Less consideration of the psychological feelings of individuals or groups。If you break the inherent thinking of the opposition between reason and emotion，Incorporating bet365 bonus code pa factors into historical research，Will expand the perspective and scope of historical research，The number of materials for research reference will also increase。All diaries that reflect the psychological activities and bet365 bonus code pa fluctuations of individuals or groups、Memoirs、Letter、Notes、Collection、Autobiography, etc.，All can enter the inspection field，Even music、Videos and other non-text expression materials can be used。

Expanded scope of data collection、The addition of materials does not mean the simplification of research work。How much related materials need to be collected，How to choose、Use，Depends on the materials available to the researcher and the extent to which the problem is explored。The book "Shi Jianqiao's Revenge Case: The Rise and Impact of Public Sympathy during the Republic of China" by American scholar Lin Yuqin，The core issue of concern is the rise of "public sympathy" as a new collective consciousness in the society of the Republic of China and its game process with modern legal norms。The author centers on the public discourse of revenge cases，Collected newspapers related to the case、Magazine、Journal、Comics、Script、Video、Advertising、Trial Record、A large number of materials such as official archives and personal comments。On this basis，The author summarizes two typical emotions，That is, the moral sympathy appealed by the public and the legal rationality adhered to by the government，By showing the process of two bet365 bonus code pa games，Demonstrate the rise of "public sympathy" in the society of the Republic of China。This book reflects the researcher’s ability to collect and use materials in case studies of the history of emotions。

Expanding the scope of material collection helps researchers grasp collective emotions within a certain period，But sometimes the general collective emotion is not the same as the individual’s own true emotion，It may also be caused by "labeling"。In Shi Jianqiao’s revenge case，The collective emotion conveyed by the media is the voice of the public expressing sympathy for Shi Jianqiao，But is this "popular sympathy" the real inspiration of the public or is it the choice and speculation of others (such as media people) about the public's emotions？If the latter，Observations of third parties should be included in the bet365 bonus code pa。Therefore，While expanding the scope of material collection, materials should also be used prudently。

Constructing a theory of emotions。The early theories of emotion research in historical circles mainly include universalism and social construction。Universalism believes that emotions are basic human physiological activities，Beyond time and space，Universal。Social constructionism believes that emotions are affected by the social background of a specific era，Social and historical。German social historian Norbert Elias in "The Process of Civilization"，Consider civilization as a process of controlling instincts and bet365 bonus code pa changes。He provided a new historical research idea: historical research must not only focus on social economy，We must also examine the changes in people’s bet365 bonus code pa temperament and way of thinking。simultaneously，He also believes that emotions are shaped by both universalism and social constructionism，One of the tasks of the study of the history of emotions is to determine how malleable emotions are。However，On how to break the binary opposition between universalism and social constructionism，Elias did not propose a practical method。

21st century，The emergence of emotion theory by American scholars William Reddy and Barbara Rosenwein，Heralds a major change in the study of the history of emotions。William Reddy attempts to break the binary opposition between universalism and social constructionism，For this reason, he proposed the theory of "bet365 bonus code pa expression"。He draws on theories from cognitive psychology，Acknowledge the biological basis of emotion，But focus on bet365 bonus code pa expression，Exploring the interaction between bet365 bonus code pa expression and bet365 bonus code pa experience，Thus breaking the opposition between emotion and reason。He thinks，Everyone has universal bet365 bonus code pa experiences，But whether it can be expressed accurately，And the control of social and bet365 bonus code pa norms、Enlightenment and training，The extent to which personal bet365 bonus code pa expression is affected is a question that can be studied and discussed。Barbara Rosenwein proposed the concept of "bet365 bonus code pa community"，Think family、School、Social groups such as churches can be considered bet365 bonus code pa groups，People have different bet365 bonus code pa expressions in different groups，Each bet365 bonus code pa group has its own bet365 bonus code pa norms and expression patterns。The process of bet365 bonus code pa change is actually the process of the rise and fall of bet365 bonus code pa groups，Politics、Economy、Culture、The process of religious change is also the process of evolution of bet365 bonus code pa groups。

The current theory of emotion history research is no longer the binary opposition between universalism and social constructionism，Researchers tend to find ways to balance the two，The theory of bet365 bonus code pa expression is one of them。

Reading text and silence outside the text。Text analysis is one of the main methods of historical research，The same is true for the study of bet365 bonus code pa history，Even higher requirements for text analysis capabilities。Language is an important medium for conveying emotions，Grasp its manifestations in different eras and societies，Helps us understand the connotation of emotions。

However，bet365 bonus code pa words are more complex to understand than most words，Mainly reflected in two aspects: First, the problem of how words define emotions，The second is whether the word is considered an emotion in different historical situations。In addition，By determining the frequency of certain bet365 bonus code pa words in the obtained historical materials，Can obtain an bet365 bonus code pa impression of a person or group。But numerical statistics are only the starting point of research and not the result，Its function is to remind researchers of the key points that need to be paid attention to and the values ​​and norms behind them。

The ambiguity and complexity of bet365 bonus code pa expression also requires researchers to learn to read metaphors and ironies in texts。Metaphor and irony as figures of speech，often appears in various written materials，Used to express the emotions of the author or characters in the work。The production of metaphor is inseparable from the meaning of words，The generation of word meaning cannot escape context，Context is largely restricted by culture。Like the word "blue"，Represents depression in Western culture、Indecent，In Chinese culture, it means solemnity、Serious。Emotions can also be metaphorized as physiological changes、Taste and smell、Natural phenomenon、Space matter, etc.。Parse this type of text，You can see the author and the bet365 bonus code pa attitude behind the work、Cultural values ​​and social norms。

Certain in tone、Texts that are devoid of emotion in content and text are just as important as those that are bet365 bonus code pa。For example, when German scholar Jan Plemper studied the military history of Russia in the 19th century，Few examples found in the material of Russian soldiers expressing feelings of fear and experiences of fear。Soldiers’ silence on the topic of fear does not mean they lack fear，But this does reflect，For the soldiers at that time，Talk about or express fear is not allowed，It is inconsistent with social value standards。He noticed，Early 20th century，With military psychology’s openness to fear，Expressing fear becomes common。This shows that emotion researchers must pay attention to those "absent" and "silent" emotions in the text。

Interdisciplinary collaborative research。In Psychology、Biology、Philosophy、In the disciplines of Anthropology and Linguistics，Emotion has always been one of the important research topics。Different disciplines have different perspectives and methods on emotion research，Research on the history of emotion cannot be separated from cooperation with other disciplines。Take linguistics as an example，The study of bet365 bonus code pa language has vocabulary、Semantics、Four schools of cognition and grammar。Each school has its own emphasis on the research on bet365 bonus code pa language，The vocabulary school focuses on establishing a classification system for bet365 bonus code pa words in a certain language，and collect、Basic bet365 bonus code pa vocabulary in combination and classification systems，Cross-language、Cross-cultural comparative research。The semantic school focuses on the basic elements of bet365 bonus code pa language、Universal natural semantic elements，Explaining the commonalities and individualities between languages ​​through semantic elements。A seminar hosted by Sinologist Shi Hualuo titled "Emotions in Ming and Qing Documents、International Project on "Mood Vocabulary Research"，Borrowed the research method of bet365 bonus code pa words from the vocabulary and semantic schools in linguistics，Systematically sorting out the emotion and mood vocabulary in various classics in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Summary、Classification、Analysis，Finally five basic emotion types。In addition，This project also conducted semantic element analysis of bet365 bonus code pa words，And attempt to conduct comparative research with other bet365 bonus code pa languages ​​in Western culture，Rediscover and construct traditional Chinese bet365 bonus code pa culture。

Visible，Promoting the exchange of results among various disciplines can lead to a more complete development、In-depth ideological network of bet365 bonus code pa history。

Focus on the historical dimension of emotion。Historical research often uses the concept of historical periodization，However，Research on the history of emotions must be careful of excessive historical periodization。Studying a single emotion or emotion within a specific period is certainly worth recommending，But paying attention to changes in long-term emotions and bet365 bonus code pa standards can help to understand emotions more deeply。The historical nature of emotion is also reflected in paying attention to the context and social and cultural background in which bet365 bonus code pa texts are produced。

The study of bet365 bonus code pa history may promote changes in historical writing。Modern history writing is deeply influenced by Ranke’s historiography，Promote objective governance of history。However，History is created by people，No matter individual or group，When engaging in various activities, certain psychological activities must be accompanied，Will be desired、Values、The influence of irrational factors such as mental psychology。If you can show bet365 bonus code pa factors，The writing of history will also change。Therefore，bet365 bonus code pa history researchers are exploring more possibilities for historical writing。

In summary，The history of emotions is a novel bet365 bonus code pa field，Its methodology and theoretical foundation are still in the development stage。How to overcome the inherent difficulties faced by bet365 bonus code pa、Single bet365 bonus code pa method、Complex application of interdisciplinary theory and other issues，For the history of emotions，Still a huge challenge。

　(Author’s affiliation: Department of bet365 bonus code pa, College of Liberal Arts, National Chengchi University)