Surnames are the names of everyone's innate name，Its importance is more prominent in East Asian society。Pre -Qin period，The last name is divided into the surname of the female clan and the family that reflects the color of the male clan。combined as one，combined as one，All surname。The pre -Qin is the explosion period of our surname，Qin and Han dynasties gradually stabilized。After the two Jin Dynasty，Many surrounding ethnic groups integrate into the Han nationality，and use the surname of the Han nationality in this process，Slows the frequency of the emergence of the new surname，Further increase the overall population of the surname (hereinafter referred to as the "surname population")。With the development of surnames, it tends to be stable，The population of many surnames has gradually increased，Source is also becoming increasingly complicated; coupled with the rise of scholars politics during the ancient times，The function of identifying the ethnic group of the surname itself will no longer continue to emphasize，The requirements for the county's hope gradually gain weight。So，Many spectrums and surnames have appeared，Constantly advertise and sort out different counties of the same surname，Different from the source of the clan。Facing this complicated situation，We need to be on the basis of continuous expansion of the source of literature，Introduction of mathematical statistical methods，Statistical analysis of data related to all early Chinese surnames。

　　Bet365 lotto review The prevalence of compilation spectrum between the Middle -aged family，It is used to identify the identity of his own clan。This was only an internal behavior of the family during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties，In the Sui and Tang dynasties, there were across surnames of surnames and families in the Sui and Tang dynasties (hereinafter referred to as "clan genealogy")。"Clan" in the first time of Zhenguan (627-649)，headed by the royal family of Li Tang，Foreign relatives，Shandong clan again。According to "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，The book recorded "Twenty -ninety -three surnames，Six Six Fifteenth Fifteen Family "。Subsequent，Under the intention of Wu Zetian，Tang Gaozong Xianqing Four Years (659) edited into "Surname Record"，A total of 245 surnames、2287，and divided into 9 et al.，Can be called the extended version of "Clan"。The surnames and family arrangements of these two books，Reflects the different purposes of the editor，But all belong to the national genealogy。Although the two books cannot be completely called the surname book，But from the increasing range of its inclusion，Development of surname books that simply record surnames，The title of the book from "clan" to "last name" also reflects this。

other，In the Tang Dynasty, a clan genealogy in the county also appeared，Mainly several types of surnames unearthed from Tunhuang Turpan。Represents S.2052 "New Ji of the World Surname Watching Family Spectrum" as the representative，It can be seen that the characteristics of this type of genealogy lies in the number and surname of the county's county in the state and county.。According to academic research，This clan genealogy belongs to Li Linfu and others to write the eight years of Tianbao (749).，It aims to make local people understand the distribution of the nation's surname and the county Wangwang。In this clan genealogy，The earliest was the National Library of China Library No. BD08679 "Eight Years of Tang Zhenguan (634) May 10th Gao Shilian and other clans"，and similar Lushun Museum Turku's "Together in the Tang Tianxia Zhujun Surnames"。but but，These clan genealogy is only the name of the county and the surname，but no family family。

With the Anshi Rebellion, the post -life family style，The emphasis on bet365 best casino games Junwang is no longer popular，clan spectrum also lost its meaning。So，The surname books that expand the scope of the inclusion -Lin Bao "Yuanhe Surname Compilation"。This book incorporates all surnames into the range of harvest，Sequence with four sound rhymes，Briefly describe the origin of each surname。That's for this，The book has entered the category of the surname book。Unfortunately, the book only gets the residual book，More than 1200 surnames。Since then，Surname books began to prevail。From the Song and Yuan Dynasties to drop，Shao Si "Surname Solution" received 2568 surnames，Zheng Yan's "Tongzhi · Clan Lue" received more than 2,200 surnames，Deng Mingshi's "Dialectics of the Ancient and Modern Surnames" received 3033 surnames，All are the reflection of the popularity of surname books。Continuing the surnames of Mongolian books such as the Han Dynasty "Urgent" and "Customs" and other Mongolian books，such as "Hundred Family Surnames"，It is another genre of the surname book。

Through these clan scores and surname books，You can see the existence of all surnames in China and its distribution。The number of surnames of the clan genealogy is quite limited，The number of surnames of the surname book is a big view。Of course，"Yuanhe Surname Compilation" once died，The number of surnames at that time has a large number of obstacles to the number of surnames at that time。Fortunately, Cen Zhongmian's "Yuanhe Surname Compilation (Four Schools)" has been talked about。Other surname books are generally complete。Therefore, we can continue on the basis of predecessors，Just all clan scores、Surname books for statistics and sort out，Master the situation of all surnames and quantities and regional distribution in the early days。

　　Second, the surname of the surname of the Middle Arabia.Except for clan genealogy、Apart from the surname book，Another large type of material is epitaph。The epitaph originated in the Han Dynasty，Advanced in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties。Due to the large number of essays of the scholars at the time, it had been dead，epitaphs have become the most important new historical materials for our study of ancient history。Five Dynasties and Songs to drop，With the death of the world、The rise of the clan，and the convenience provided by the printing of the printing，epitaphs are no longer important。So，The emphasis on epitaphs mainly comes from the historians of the ancient history，Published a variety of epitaphs to index。For example，Laoshan Zhi Shi "The Catalog of the Purple Valley of the Sui Dynasty in the Northern Dynasties" (2013 version of Jigu Academy)、Qi He Zebao Rules "New Catalog of the Tang Dynasty's Episodes" (2017 Edition of Jigu College)、Takahashi Jiqiao and Takeuchi Yokuke's "Comprehensive Catalog of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of China" (Remarks) (Research on the Institute of Culture Research Institute of ア ジ ア ジ No. 52，February 2018), etc.。

In the above epitaph book，In particular, the "New Episodes of the Tang Dynasty Episode Line Catalog" is the most complete for all epitaphs in the Tang Dynasty。This book has 11845 epitaphs that have a clear year -old annual annual.、197 epitaphs and the remaining 481 Tang Dynasty Zhigai re -numbered at the time of burial，Total 12523 pieces。According to the author's statistics on this book，You can get the number of all surnames and surnames in the Tang Dynasty，Roughly 450 surnames and 16666 surnames population。This statistics According to the directory of the epitaph title listed in the book，can only include the surname of the tomb owner and its spouse，The surnames of other characters appearing in the content of the epitaph。but but，In view of the increase in samples，The sorting of the number of surnames and the number of surnames will gradually stabilize，Therefore, this statistics still have its value。

From the "New Episodes of the Tang Dynasty's Episodes of the Episodes of the Tang Dynasty"，We can get 85 high -frequency surnames、87 surnames in bet365 best casino games the middle frequency and 277 low -frequency surnames。Data based on the frequency of different surnames is based on the number of surnames.，That is, the number of surnames is more than a certain value.，Below a low frequency than a certain value，The between the two belongs to the mid -frequency。Based on the various clan scores combed above、The sorting and statistical results of the surname book，You can get the activity of different families represented by the surname of the Tang Dynasty，You can even get Guan Long、Hebei、The activity of families such as Jiangnan and other regions，and early Tang、The activity of families such as the Tang Dynasty and the middle and late Tang Dynasty。Based on this，Then with the pre -Qin、Qin Han、Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties、Sui Dynasty、Similar statistics in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms for comparison，Can get the overall development of early Chinese surnames and families。This is limited to a family in the Middle Ages、Statistics and discussions performed by a certain county，should be richer。

　　Third, the statistics of the last name are of great significance.Statistics and analysis of early Chinese surnames and surnames，Naturally, it cannot be limited to the above materials，You need to further expand。For example，Just Qin、Qin and Han history，A large number of golden texts and Jane's literature cannot be ignored。There are related writings in the academic world to pay attention to the surnames of these two materials，For example, Zhang Yachu's "Commercial and Zhou Golden Surname Test" (2015 Edition of the Chinese Book Company), etc.。Looking forward to studying scholars who have different generations of scholars' cooperation，Further combing the surname data，The significance of this type of sorting is roughly three points。

First，By inspecting different regions、Time and space migration and distribution of people in different periods of surnames，You can see the space -time characteristics of the bet365 Play online games population reproduction of the surname。For example，As far as the saying "Zhang Wang Li Zhao"，This arrangement originally originated from Fan Ye's "Divine Extinction" in the Southern Dynasty: "You can also be Zhang Jia's love，Send Wang Yi's body，Li Bingzhi，Tobbing Zhao Ding's body。"These surnames are used to refer to anyone，It is because of the too many population，Still like "Guangyun" quoted "Zhang Wang Li Zhao，Huangdi also gives the surname "?" To solve this problem，One of the methods is to use the statistics of the surname's population to look at Zhang、Wang、Lee、The number of Zhao Si surnames and its regional distribution，and why develop the most populous surname。

Next，It can further use the molecular anthropology and the clan spectrum since the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Research on the source of the ethnic traceability of a crowd of a certain surname，Because the inheritance of the male Y chromosomes is consistent with the inheritance of the family members of the family male。The detection of the Cao family DNA caused by the excavation of Cao Cao's tomb a few years ago，is a useful attempt。For example，The School of Life Sciences of Fudan University has been engaged in people with the same surname, especially the less populous surname、DNA sequencing work of ethnic minority background surnames，This helps to explore the full picture of Chinese population migration and activities。

Last，In the early Chinese range，If the surname book represented by the "Yuanhe Surname Compilation" is written to the countywelling of many small surnames，and the relevant surnames involved in the Middle -aged epitaph，You can understand the surnames and family and his county in different degrees of activity。We can not only confirm most of the high -frequency surname county in the clan spectrum、The authenticity of different materials such as epitaphs，And you can see a special display of a small part of the low -frequency surname county.，And this can examine the issue of many counties in the academic circles。

bet365 live casino games In short,，I look forward to the early Chinese surname research can be under the convenience conditions of big data，Carry out in -depth discussions and mining。This will help further discuss family history、Related issues in the scope of national history，The bet365 Play online games population reproduction in the field of human science in history、Many topics such as crowd migration。

(This article is the "Research on the History of Chinese Tongmeng Culture" (16ZDA121) in the major project of the National Social Science Foundation)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)