Specifying the service system is a compulsory division of labor under the leadership of the country，Refers to the form of service for a certain service by the corresponding group for generations。This system generates division of labor inside the blood community，Taking integrity and fixing as its recognizable features，Force is the essential attribute of the system。The designated service system is the product of a specific stage of historical development，It is universal in the history of world civilization，It has theoretical significance and application value for exploring the origin of early national origin。

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The concept of "designated service system" was the earliest by Xu Zhongshu's "The Misty of the System of Zhou Dynasty and its social nature -and criticizing the error of Hu Shi Jingtian discern's views" ("Journal of Sichuan University" 1955, No. 2)，Zhao Shichao's "Specific Specification System Summary" ("Journal of Shaanxi Normal University", No. 3, 1999) further explains the connotation of the system，Proposed the designated service system as the product of early countries。The content of the designated service system is manifested as two types: labor and Gunner，There is a native type、secondary type and regeneration type。This system exists widely in agricultural labor、Handicraft work、Military labor、Services and public labor，Handarry、Fixed and compulsory features。Specifying the service system is the inevitable result of the internal division of the blood community。With the development of the country，The rulers also build a "imitation Bet365 app download group" method，Push the system to the conquered person。When the ruler dispatched labor，Follow the level principles、Principles of Specialties Specialty and Samsuit。where，Level principle is fundamental，Principles of Specialties and Specialty Products Based on the Principles of Level。With the arrival of mature countries，Specifying the service system to limit personal freedom、Regulations for lack of weight in labor activities、Restrictions on the development of production and development are increasingly prominent，This is the root cause of its decline。The designated service system appears in the early national stage，It is a social division of labor unacceptable、Blood margin community is common、The results of the common effects of factors such as small land range。

Specify the service system not only exists in the pre -Qin period，and see Rouran in the history of our country、Turkic、Yi people、Khitan、Manchu、Dai people、Yi people、Achang people、佤、傈僳、Lajun people、Bai people、Naxi people、Miao people、Zhuangbu、Dai people、Tibetan and other ethnic groups。The designated service system is not unique to China，It still exists in the city -state era of the two river basins、The Akkad Empire、Ur Third Dynasty、Assyrian Empire; before the twelve dynasties of Egypt (Twelve dynasties); early ancient Indian、During the Wedo period; ancient Greek McIING civilization; Little Asia Hyh Hyh Civilization; the Midan Kingdom on the Iranian Plateau、The Achi Mamand dynasty、Sasan dynasty; the Inca Empire in South America; the Aztec Empire of Central America; the Dahe country in Japan;、East East、Yongli tooth dynasty; Laos before the French colonists occupied; Thailand before the reform of Julalong Gong;、Azuanti Bet365 app download Empire、Akler Kingdom、Azuanti Empire、Ganem -The Saifuwa dynasty of the Kingdom of Bellu。

The above countries and regions，Or the designated service system is called "basket support" and "Ahmu Dan"，or the name "Gongxian", "Ministry of the Ministry", "Ministry of the Ministry", "Valan", "Gati", "Mida", "Guatkir", "Labor System"，, etc.。Although the title is different，But all belong to the form of labor for a certain service in the corresponding group for generations，All belong to the designated service。In terms of time,，4000 BC，down to the middle of the 20th century，There are figures with specified service system。From the perspective of space，Ya、Europe、non -、Mei Du Da continers，All witnessed the history of the designated service system。This system is closely linked to the early national origin。The above society exists in society with a designated service system，At that time, they were in early stages with or have not been out of the country.。

　　It has greater theoretical value

Study the origin of the country，The controversy of our academic circles focusing on the concept and its evolution model，or tend to apply Western theory，or emphasize China's special development process。But，Eastern and Western theoretical models are difficult to resolve difficulties。In Western theoretical mode，Emperor State and Early countries not only do not have the definition of academic circles，and its connotation limit is not clear。In the theoretical mode of Eastern，Not to mention the concepts of "ancient nation", "Fang Kingdom", "clan", "kingdom", "kingdom", "state" and other concepts are still controversial (Jin Zhaozi: "Fengyi State Fang Fang Different"，"History Research" 1956, No. 2)，More importantly，These concepts are difficult to integrate into the international academic bet365 Play online games discourse system。The designated service system proposed by Chinese scholars，Not only the common feature of the early countries in the world，Different from former country society and mature countries，And can be in line with the international academic circles。

The national structure of the early state is an important subject that the academic world is concerned。Under the designated service system，The national structural shows the overallness and the internal and external divisions based on the overall basis。This national structure is under the premise that the internal structure of the ruler is not changed，Use the distinction between the blood of blood、Different service objects、Different control of control and the order of surrender service，Forms internal and external relations in the national structure。The country passes through layers of "Internal Royal"，Effective control in society，thus becoming the basis for maintaining early national rule。This national structure，It is very different from the relationship between the central and local governments of the mature country and the control of the individual，It reflects the early nature of the country's development。

From the perspective of the origin of early state official positions，It is not a summary of "public servant" alienation in traditional cognition。Whether it is the source of the official name and the position of the position，Still point of view，The close relationship between the official position and the designated service system。The designated service system not only gave birth to the earliest official position，And the formation and development of the bureaucracy played a promotion role。

The designated service system is closely related to the social nature。Fundamental speaking，This system is based on the personal control of the workers，Bet365 lotto review Force is its essential characteristics。This is significantly different from the feudal system based on the "large land ownership" and "feudal hierarchical land system".，Journal of Peking University 1991, No. 2)，"Super Economic Mandarin" based on personal possession is consistent。Although the feudal system also has "ultra -economic compulsory" based on personal control，slavery does not exclude the possession of the land，But the former controls the personal body by controlling the land，The latter is to control the person's hereditary land by controlling the personal body of the service.，Both have essential differences。

　　can be used as an early national logo

Current，Although the international academic community has not yet reached a consensus on the definition of the country，But the connotation of the country has consensus，That is the national representative of a public power。Engels talks about the two points of the two points of the country and clan organizations，One of them is "the establishment of public power"。Kleason calls this kind of public power "a specific type of social and political organization form" (Xing Ying: "The Structure of the Early State、Development and Dechat "，"World History", No. 5, 2006)。The emergence and operation of public power institutions，Requires the guarantee of real objects and labor。About this，Many scholars have pointed out its importance。For example，Engels believes "In order to maintain this kind of public power，Citizens need to pay fees -donation taxes; Harzanov pointed out that "one of the special attention of the early country should pay attention to the implementation of mandatory labor and other obligations through taxation to exploit producers" (Chen Chun: Chen Chun: "Civilization and Early State Source: Chinese and Foreign Theory、Method bet365 Play online games and Research Comparison "，Shanghai Bookstore Press 2007 edition，page 154)。The designated service system is fundamentally a exploitation system，Research on it is an effective way to explore the origin of the early state。

American scholar Kim Macarari thinks，Civilization "initial form can be defined as a development process based on the formation of complex social order based on different labor between ruler and planting foods."，Social Science Literature Press 2017 edition，p. 58)。In this sense,，The designated service system has built a human early division of labor，It is undoubtedly a representation of civilization。In the early national origin research，Compared to the controversy of national concepts and signs compared to the academic circles，Harznov proposed that "the only feasible way is to put some characteristics or different characteristics of the early countries，Analysis of the process of related process，With the gradual disappearance of these characteristics and processes，The country becomes more and more developed，that is, no longer becomes a 'early' country "(A.M. Harznov:" Some theoretical issues on early state research "，"An Ancient World City State State Collection"，Current Affairs Publishing House 1987 edition，pp. 269)。Starting from this idea，The designated service system can be used as a sign that appears in civilization and early countries。

In short，The designated service system as a motivation and logo formed by the formation of civilization and early countries，It has important value for exploring related issues such as early national origin。Therefore，It is not only a specific historical problem，It is a problem of learning and methods。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Specifying Services and Early State Bet365 lotto review Origin Research" (15CZS019)、Shaanxi Normal University's Central University Basic Scientific Research Business Fees special funds for key funds for key projects "Study on the Global Vision" (15szzd02) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)