bet365 kentucky bonus code survey is through structured interview，System、Obtain quantitative information directly from a sample taken from the population，bet365 kentucky bonus code research method to understand bet365 kentucky bonus code phenomena and their laws through statistical analysis of these data。Questionnaire design is the basic work of bet365 kentucky bonus code survey，A standardized and applicable questionnaire is the key to effective survey execution and effective data collection。But China has a vast territory，Urban and rural、Prominent regional differences，Rapid population flow and huge differences in population quality，The difficulty of designing standardized questionnaires is also very prominent。

　　Similar bet365 kentucky bonus code design concepts

Since the 21st century，Our country has launched a series of large-scale academic bet365 kentucky bonus code survey projects，Mainly includes two categories，The first category is comprehensive bet365 kentucky bonus code survey，Such as "China Comprehensive bet365 kentucky bonus code Survey" (CGSS)、"China Comprehensive bet365 kentucky bonus code Situation Survey" (CSS) and "China Family Panel Survey" (CFPS), etc.；The other type is thematic bet365 kentucky bonus code survey，Such as "China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey" (CHARLS)、"China Household Financial Survey" (CHFS)、"China Education Perspective Survey" (CEPS)、"China Labor Force Dynamic Survey" (CLDS), etc.，Greatly promoted the development of empirical bet365 kentucky bonus code science research in our country。National bet365 kentucky bonus code survey questionnaire design usually has two common characteristics。

First，The basic modules of the problem are similar。National bet365 kentucky bonus code survey questionnaires are generally divided into basic modules、Theme module、Add-on modules and other different module content。First，The content of the basic module questionnaire mainly includes the socio-demographic characteristics of the survey objects、Education and Employment、Economic Income and Consumption、Family structure、Family financial status and other contents。Second，The theme module mainly involves bet365 kentucky bonus code class status mobility、bet365 kentucky bonus code public services、Leisure and cultural consumption、bet365 kentucky bonus code Network、bet365 kentucky bonus code and political participation, etc.。Third，Add-on modules keep up with bet365 kentucky bonus code hot topics，Reflects the survey respondents’ concerns and evaluations of the hot topics at that time，And the impact of bet365 kentucky bonus code hot spots on the survey subjects，Reflect the timeliness of bet365 kentucky bonus code survey questionnaire design。

Next，Similar problem orientation。The questionnaire design of the national bet365 kentucky bonus code survey strives to directly and comprehensively reflect individuals、Family、Multi-dimensional changes in rural socio-economic life，And it can further indirectly reflect China’s modernization process。The characteristics of its questionnaire design are "long questionnaire content", "major survey topic" and "wide coverage of survey objects"。

　　There is a tension bet365 kentucky bonus code and respondent heterogeneity

National bet365 kentucky bonus code survey questions and options are carefully and comprehensively designed，The purpose is to obtain accurate、True、Valid data，Improve data quality。However, due to the heterogeneity of respondents during the implementation stage，There are often too many questions in the questionnaire、Some questions in the questionnaire are highly academic and difficult for respondents with lower education levels to understand，May cause the interviewee to feel tired or give perfunctory answers，Therefore no valid data can be collected。

The design of the national bet365 kentucky bonus code survey questionnaire did not fully consider the heterogeneous characteristics of the group within the respondents，Leading to the tension between “standardized” question design and respondent heterogeneity，Concentrated in three aspects。

First，The overall content design of the questionnaire does not match the characteristics of the respondent group。The educational level of respondents in the national comprehensive bet365 kentucky bonus code varies greatly，Respondents with low education levels have difficulty understanding the questionnaire。Uniform content design treats all respondents as responders with high understanding，It will bring about the problem of insufficient flexibility during the access process。Especially women in rural areas、Elderly、There are obvious obstacles for ethnic minority groups to understand and answer questions。In addition，Interview with low-educated respondents who speak non-Chinese languages，You may also face double deviations in translation and understanding。

Next，It is difficult to match the question setting of the questionnaire with the life situation of the respondents。There is a certain heterogeneity in urban and rural life situations，Rural residents do not know much about urban life-related conditions，vice versa。The questionnaire design of national surveys generally does not separate the urban and rural residents bet365 kentucky bonus code modules，Making some problem settings that are not applicable to rural residents unable to match the life world of rural residents，It is difficult to obtain results that are close to “real” questionnaire data。For example, in a questionnaire，Most rural residents have no volunteer service experience，However, the questionnaire asked rural residents to have experience related to volunteer services、Feel the answer。Another example is a questionnaire that asks respondents to evaluate government work。Due to the level of concern that grassroots rural residents have for government work、Insufficient ability to pay attention，It is therefore difficult to evaluate this。

Finally，The option measurement of the bet365 kentucky bonus code cannot be connected with the way of thinking of Chinese respondents。Westerners measure problems，Use numerical scoring for more accurate results，The way of thinking tends to be analytical and logical order from small to large。The opposite，Chinese people’s way of observing and cognizing things has the qualitative characteristics of being holistic from large to small，Therefore，Chinese people generally have obstacles to evaluating attitudes through quantitative thinking of scoring。Interviewees often use "compromise" to give a score that is difficult to determine。

The important reason for the tension between question standardization and respondent heterogeneity lies in the changes in the bet365 kentucky bonus code survey ecology in the past decade。First，Large-scale rural-urban population migration。There are great differences in bet365 kentucky bonus code environment between urban and rural areas in China，With the accelerated development of urban modernization，More and more rural people are moving to cities。The aging population structure in rural areas、Low education is becoming increasingly serious。When the survey area covers rural areas，You will have access to more people with less education、Older villagers。Second，Decreased bet365 kentucky bonus code trust。The traditional rural bet365 kentucky bonus code community with reciprocity and trust as its core is disintegrating，Urban communities are more of a society of strangers connected by interests，The general weakening of bet365 kentucky bonus code trust in urban and rural societies，Of course, the degree of participation and cooperation among respondents is also declining。Third，Specialization of investigation agencies。The professionalization of investigation agencies provides important support for the implementation of investigation standardization。But in fact，Survey performers often do not use data for research，Their focus is on standardization of data collection processes。Questionnaire designers usually do not directly collect data and deal with vastly different respondents，Often research problems and focus on problem design。The separation of the two causes the operationalization of academic concepts to fail to a certain extent。

　　Promote high-quality bet365 kentucky bonus code design

High-quality questionnaire design follows four basic requirements，First, concept measurement、The operationalization is consistent with the research purpose，Second, the question design must be suitable for the survey objects，Third, the option design can meet the analysis needs，Fourth, trial testing must conform to bet365 kentucky bonus code reality。To deal with the tension between question standardization and respondent heterogeneity，The design of high-quality national bet365 kentucky bonus code survey questionnaires needs to fully consider the heterogeneity of respondents，Integrating the researcher’s perspective and the respondent’s perspective。

Redesigning the question module based on the respondent。Education level of individual respondents covered by the national bet365 kentucky bonus code survey、Life situation、There are huge differences in age and other aspects，These structural differences directly affect the respondents’ ability to understand the questions and the validity of their answers。Therefore，Design with the respondent at the center，Designed into modules based on the heterogeneity of respondents’ educational background and urban and rural life situations，Adapt the question module design to the respondent。For example, consider grouping according to education level，Divided into low-level modules、Three types of question modules for secondary education module and high education module。At the same time, urban and rural differences should be considered，Predicting questionnaire interview sites based on differences in urban and rural living situations of respondents，Divide urban problem module and rural problem module。

Adjust the questioning method and option design of subjective questions from the perspective of the respondent。Chinese bet365 kentucky bonus code surveys often need to respond to major issues in real society。Therefore questionnaire designers usually need to transform "policy concepts" into "academic concepts"，And further promote the operationalization of "academic concepts"。Facing the complexity and diversity of Chinese bet365 kentucky bonus code interactions，It is necessary to optimize the subjective question asking method and option design from the perspective of the respondent’s subjective meaning。First, make the way of asking subjective questions close to the interviewee’s expression habits and audio-visual thinking，Explain professional terms in standardized everyday discourse。Second, subjective question options need to conform to the Chinese people’s holistic way of thinking。

The design of national bet365 kentucky bonus code survey questionnaires will be more inclined to the new model of “Internet + Questionnaire Survey”，Utilizing big data technology，Embedded scalable smart App、Development and innovation of intelligent systems，Further promote the development of bet365 kentucky bonus code surveys in the new direction of "professional technology" and "artificial intelligence"。Under this technical background, questionnaire design from the dual perspectives of researchers and respondents can be realized，That is, intelligent hierarchical skip answering of questions considering the heterogeneity of respondents，Thus shortening the questionnaire access time、Improve the quality of collected data。Investigation institutions need to further strengthen the effective connection between academic and reality。Innovation through investigation technology、Innovation in questionnaire design ideas and survey execution，Make the questionnaire design more consistent with bet365 kentucky bonus code reality，More suitable for respondent heterogeneity，Thus promoting the high-quality development of bet365 kentucky bonus code surveys。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University)